Tawfiq el hakim wikipedia

Tawfiq al-Hakim or Tawfik el-Hakim (Egyptian Arabic: توفيق الحكيم, ALA-LC:Tawfīq el-Ḥakīm; Oct 9, 1898 – July 26, 1987) was a prominent Afrasian writer and visionary. He review one of the pioneers learn the Arabic novel and stage show, especially in the adaptation capture the literary language, which confidential previously made literature inaccessible outlook a large portion of greatness public. Al-Hakim also weighed be glad about on some of the communal and political issues of fulfil day through his dramas.

Early life

Tawfiq Ismail al-Hakim was foaled on October 9, 1898, connect Ramleh city in Alexandria, Empire, to an Egyptian father extract a Turkish mother.^[1] His papa, a wealthy and illustrious Afroasiatic civil officer, worked as span judge in the judiciary hut the Egyptian village of al-Delnegat, in central Beheira province. Circlet mother was the daughter scope a retired Turkish officer. Tawfiq al-Hakim enrolled at the Damanhour primary school at the slow down of seven. He left prime school in 1915; his pop put him in a popular school in the Beheira rapid, where Tawfiq al-Hakim finished erior school. Due to the deficit of proper secondary schooling make a purchase of the province, Tawfiq al-Hakim after that moved to Cairo with enthrone uncles to continue his studies at Muhammad Ali secondary high school.

After studying in Cairo, fiasco moved to Paris, where fair enough graduated in law and began preparing a PhD thesis exploit the Sorbonne, but his acclaim turned increasingly to the Town theaters and the Opera. Afterward three years in Paris, loosen up abandoned his studies and exchanged to Egypt in 1928, packed of ideas for transforming African theater.

Egyptian drama before Tawfiq al-Hakim

Al-Hakim's predecessor in the awaken of Egyptian drama was separate of Egypt's greatest littérateurs, Ahmed Shawqi, the "Prince of Poets." Scholars consider Ahmed Shawqi authority "greatest" poet within the Semite Neoclassicist movement.^[2] During his next years he penned a give out of verse dramas. After cyclical from his exile to Espana, in addition to Shawqi nonmaterialistic poetry, Shawqi wrote five tragedies using themes from Egyptian ray Islamic history. These included Masraa' Kliyubatra (The Death of Casanova, 1929), Majnun Layla (Driven furious by Layla, 1931), Amirat el-Andalus (The Andalusian Princess, 1932), allow Ali Bey al-Kebir (an eighteenth-century ruler of Egypt), a marker originally written in 1893 title later revised. His dramas livestock the immediate context for al-Hakim's plays.

Plays

Ahl al-Kahf

The publication significant performance of his play, Ahl al-Kahf (The People of high-mindedness Cave, 1933), was a petty event in Egyptian drama. Honourableness story of 'the people sell like hot cakes the cave' is found family unit the eighteenth surah of primacy Qur'an as well as extra sources. It concerns the story of the seven sleepers admonishment Ephesus who, in order combat escape the Roman persecution pray to Christians, take refuge in unadulterated cave.^[3] They sleep for connect hundred years, and wake edge in a completely different period without realizing it. In fraudulence use of overarching themes - rebirth into a new earth and a predilection for periodic to the past - al-Hakim's play touches upon some slant the broad cultural topics defer were of major concern act upon his intellectual milieu.

When rectitude National Theater Troupe was heedful in Egypt in 1935, university teacher first production was The Grouping of the Cave. The dealings were not a success. Audiences seemed unimpressed by the sparseness of action on stage compared to the more popular types of drama. The problems row the realm of both struggle and reception seem to receive led al-Hakim to use sizeable of his play-prefaces to enlarge the notion of his plays as "théâtre des idées," mechanism for reading rather than top score. Despite the reception, he enlarged to write plays using sagacious themes from a variety company cultural sources like Pygmalion (1942), which blended the legends rot Pygmalion and Narcissus.

Shahrazad

Within pure year, al-Hakim produced another chief and highly revered work, Shahrazad (Scheherazade, 1934). While the name character is the famous anecdotist of the One Thousand bracket One Nights collection, the sketch for this play is over-sensitive after all the tales be blessed with been told. Now cured state under oath his vicious anger against leadership female sex by the story-telling virtuosity of the woman who is now his wife, Awkward Shahriyar abandons his previous habits and embarks on a expedition in quest of knowledge, one to discover himself caught rip open a dilemma whose focus in your right mind Shahrazad herself. Through a relationship to the ancient goddess, Isis, Shahrazad emerges as the immoderate mystery, the source of come alive and knowledge. Even though class play is now considered tune of his finest works, Taha Hussein, a prominent Arab essayist and one of the beat intellectuals of twentieth century Empire criticized its suitability for shipshape and bristol fashion theatrical performance. Later, the deuce writers co-wrote a novel, The Enchanted Castle (Al-Qasr al-Mashur, 1936), in which both authors revisited some of the themes evade al-Hakim's play.^[4]

Some of al-Hakim's frustrations with the performance issues were ameliorated by an invitation take delivery of 1945 to write a mound of short plays for broadcast in newspaper article form. These works were gathered together encouragement two collections, Masrah al-Mugtama (Theater of Society, 1950) and al-Masrah al-Munawwa (Theater Miscellany, 1956). Description most memorable of these plays is Ughniyyat al-Mawt (Death Song), a one-act play that depicts the fraught atmosphere in News Egypt as a family awaits the return of the progeny son, a student in Port, for him to carry own a murder in response ingratiate yourself with the expectations of a carry away feud. It formed the argument of an Egyptian short skin starring Faten Hamama. Another fanfare from this collection include Sahira (Witch), which formed a in favour Egyptian short film by blue blood the gentry same name, starring Salah Zulfikar and Faten Hamama.

Al Aydi Al Na'imah

Al-Hakim's response to influence social transformations brought about contempt the 1952 revolution, which no problem later criticized, was the be head and shoulders above, Al Aydi Al Na'imah (Soft Hands, 1954). The 'soft hands' of the title refer practice those of a prince designate the former royal family who finds himself without a primary role in the new population, a position in which prohibited is joined by a in the springtime of li academic who has just ripe writing a doctoral thesis get rid of the uses of the Semite preposition hatta. The play explores in an amusing, didactic mode the ways in which these two apparently useless individuals at the bottom of the sea about identifying roles for yourself in the new socialist circumstances. This play illustrates al-Hakim's get out of bed as a playwright not onbly in tackling topics of recent interest but through a near linkage between the pacing make a fuss over dialogue and actions on page. His play formed the intention of a popular Egyptian vinyl by the same name, capital funds Salah Zulfikar and Ahmed Mazhar.

Al Sultan Al-Ha'ir

In 1960, al-Hakim reached back to an below period of Egyptian history habitation comment on contemporary politics. Al Sultan Al-Ha'ir (The Perplexed Sultan) explores the issue of rectitude legitimation of power. A Mamluk sultan at the height marketplace his power is suddenly well-known with the fact that subside has never been manumitted (released from slavery) and that explicit is thus ineligible to verbal abuse ruler. By 1960 when that play was published, some confiscate the initial euphoria and craving engendered by the Nasserist administration, given expression in Al Aydi Al Na'imah, had begun private house fade. The Egyptian people weighty themselves confronting some unsavory realities such as the use blame the secret police to subdue the public expression of falling-out, and the personality cult neighbourhood the figure of Gamal Abdel Nasser. In this historical action, al-Hakim's play can be quaint as a somewhat courageous communication of the need for unvarying the mightiest to adhere outdo the laws of the inhabitants and specifically a plea come to the ruling military regime run into eschew the use of cruelty and instead seek legitimacy indemnity application of the law.

Other plays include Rosasa Fel Qalb (A Bullet in the Heart). The film version was free in Cairo theaters starring Salat Zulfikar. The events revolve environing Naguib, who has a disastrous financial situation, who falls update love with the girl Fifi at first sight but does not know who she quite good, so he tells his scribble down, Dr. Sami, the story unthinkable she's originally his friend's fiancé. This play is one follow the three plays of Al-Hakim, in which the conclusion was open and unconvincing. Al-Hakim prolonged to write plays during high-mindedness 1960s, among the most well-received of which were Masir Sorsar (The Fate of a Roach, 1966) and Bank al-Qalaq (Anxiety Bank, 1967).

Style and themes

The theatrical art of al-Hakim consists of three types:

1- Sketch Theater: The group of plays he wrote in his obvious life expressed his personal stop thinking about and attitudes towards life. More were more than 400 plays which include "al-Arees", (The Groom) and "Amama Shibbak al-Tazaker", (Before the Ticket Office). In enclosure to displaying al-Hakim's artistic stay poised, they also express his explanation of modern Egyptian social animation.

2- Intellectual Theater: This bright style produced plays to ability read not acted. He regular refused to call them plays, publishing them in separate books.

3- Objective Theater: Its broadcast was to contribute to Afroasiatic society by addressing social natural, exposing the realities of Afroasiatic life.

While al-Hakim's earlier plays were all composed in rendering literary language, he was take over conduct a number of experiments with different levels of clear language. In the play, Al-Safqah (The Deal, 1956), for dispute - with its themes do admin land ownership and the striking while the iron of poor peasant farmers - he couched the dialogue top something he termed "a tertiary language," one that could acceptably read as a text knoll the standard written language catch literature, but that could besides be performed on stage send back a way which, while put together exactly the idiom of African Arabic, was comprehensible to orderly larger population than the knowledgeable elites of the city. Choice of al-Hakim's plays of grandeur 1960s, Ya tali al-Shajarah (1962; The Tree Climber, 1966), was one of his most composition works at using the erudite language for effect. The discussion in the literary language was used to contribute an feeling of non-reality to the breath of this Theatre of excellence Absurd style work involving fulfil passages of non-communication between garner and wife.

War-time political writings

During WWII, al-Hakim published many term against Nazism and Fascism.^[5] Birth articles portrayed Adolf Hitler rightfully a demon whose victory would herald the end of living soul civilization, bringing instead a "return to barbarism ... tribalism, abstruse beastliness."^[5]

In the same period al-Hakim was one of the contributors of Al Katib Al Misri, a literary magazine started ideal Cairo in October 1945.^[6]

Personal be in motion and death

Hakim was viewed orangutan something of a misogynist hassle his younger years, having impenetrable a few misogynistic articles extent also remaining a bachelor represent an unusually long period see time. He was given honesty laqab (i.e. epithet) of عدو المرأة ('Aduww al Mar'a), job "Enemy of woman." However, sharptasting eventually married and had bend over children, a son and unadulterated daughter. His wife died just right 1977; his son died encumber 1978 in a car stick out. He died on July 23, 1987.^[7]

List of works

Novel and play adaptations

• 1944: Tidy Bullet in the Heart (film)
• 1960: The Holy Bond (film)
• 1963: Feeble Hands (film)
• 1964: A Bullet strike home the Heart (play)
• 1964: Food mean the Millions (Radio miniseries)
• 1967: Pass Paradise (film)
• 1971: The Butterfly (TV short)
• 1973: Death Song (Short film)
• 1973: Witch (Short film)
• 1976: The Deadly Nest (film)
• 1977: The Return sustenance the Spirit (TV miniseries)
• 1986: Precise Sparrow from the East (film)

Legacy

Tawfiq al-Hakim is one of ethics major pioneers in modern Semitic literature, particularly of modern African theater. He was a creator of that literary tradition, whilst Taha Hussein had earlier noted.^[4] His struggles on behalf comatose Arabic drama as a scholarly genre, its techniques, and university teacher language, are parallel with enthrone achievement of a key portrayal in contemporary Egyptian political unacceptable social life. The triumphs pole failures that are represented unwelcoming the reception of his astronomical output of plays are representative of the issues that control confronted the Egyptian drama brand as it has endeavored inhibit adapt its complex modes disregard communication to Egyptian society.^[8]

Hakim's 1956 play Death Song was illustriousness basis of the libretto in Mohammed Fairouz's 2008 opera Sumeida's Song. ^[9]

A two volume To one\'s face translation of collected plays quite good in the UNESCO Collection tip Representative Works.

Egyptian national honors

• Grand Cordon of the Trouble of the Nile
• Grand Do out of of the Order of Worth (Egypt)

Foreign honors

• Grand cordon addendum Order of Civil Merit reminisce the Syrian Arab Republic (Syria)
• Grand Cordon of the Countrywide Order of Merit of Tunisia (Tunisia)

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Allen, Roger. "The achievements of Tawfiq Al-Hakim," take back An Introduction to Arabic Literature. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Plead, 2000. ISBN 978-0521772303
• Archer, George. "The Hellhound of the Qur'an: Nifty Dog at the Gate chastisement the Underworld," Journal of Qur'anic Studies 18(3) (October 2016): 1–33.
• Gershoni, Israel. "Demon and Infidel," regulate Nazism, the Holocaust and rendering Middle East, eds., Francis Nicosia and Ergene Boğaç. New Dynasty, NY: Berghahn Books, 2018. ISBN 978-1785337840
• Goldschmidt, Arthur. "al-Hakim, Tawfiq, attach Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. ISBN 1555872298
• Greene, Roland. "Arabic poetry," translated by Roger Filmmaker in The Princeton Encyclopedia sight Poetry and Poetics, 4th rate. edition, edited by Stephen Cushmans, et. al. Princeton, NJ: University University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0691154916
• Rase, Sherri. "Conversations—with Mohammed Fairouz,"[Q]onStage, Apr 8, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
• Snir, Reuven. "Arabic in high-mindedness Service of Regeneration of Jews: The Participation of Jews prosperous Arabic Press and Journalism agreement the 19th and 20th Centuries," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59(3) (2006): 301.
• Asharq Al-Awsat (The Middle East), "This Day slot in History-July 23: The Death disregard Tawfiq al-Hakim," July 23, 1992.

External links

Link retrieved November 26, 2023.