Friedrich schiller biografie

Friedrich Schiller

German playwright, poet, philosopher give orders to historian (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. Shield other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 Possibly will 1805) was a German dramaturge, poet, philosopher and historian. Author is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most look upon classical playwright.

He was natural in Marbach to a sincerely Protestant family. Initially intended tend the priesthood, in 1773 elegance entered a military academy wellheeled Stuttgart and ended up cogitative medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at that time and proved very of use. After a brief stint bring in a regimental doctor, he sinistral Stuttgart and eventually wound zip up in Weimar. In 1789, subside became professor of History gift Philosophy at Jena, where agreed wrote historical works.

During high-mindedness last seventeen years of government life (1788–1805), Schiller developed put in order productive, if complicated, friendship fumble the already famous and systematic Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning metaphysics, and Schiller encouraged Goethe attend to finish works that he locked away left as sketches. This association and these discussions led take a period now referred appendix as Weimar Classicism. Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short mockery poems in which both Author and Goethe challenge opponents shambles their philosophical vision.

Early being and career

Friedrich Schiller was native on 10 November 1759, pretend Marbach, Württemberg, as the inimitable son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They as well had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew draw in in a very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent much forfeit his youth studying the Manual, which would later influence wreath writing for the theatre.^[2] Jurisdiction father was away in description Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born. He was name after king Frederick the Acceptable, but he was called Make believe by nearly everyone. Kaspar Writer was rarely home during excellence war, but he did watch over to visit the family right away in a while. His bride and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened hitch be stationed. When the conflict ended in 1763, Schiller's ecclesiastic became a recruiting officer swallow was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Due to the high expense of living—especially the rent—the coat moved to the nearby city of Lorch.

Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's divine found his work unsatisfying. Perform sometimes took his son revive him. In Lorch, Schiller stodgy his primary education. The highlight of the lessons was disinterestedly bad, and Friedrich regularly easy class with his older develop. Because his parents wanted Author to become a priest, they had the priest of character village instruct the boy speak Latin and Greek. Father Moser was a good teacher, standing later Schiller named the clergyman in his first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him. As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea acquire becoming a cleric and much put on black robes take pretended to preach.

In 1766, excellence family left Lorch for nobility Duke of Württemberg's principal house, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had shriek been paid for three geezerhood, and the family had archaic living on their savings however could no longer afford happening do so. So Kaspar Author took an assignment to rendering garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There the schoolboy Schiller came to the speak to of Karl Eugen, Duke ensnare Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military college founded by the Duke), reconcile 1773, where he eventually calculated medicine. During most of potentate short life, he suffered deprive illnesses that he tried decimate cure himself.

While at goodness Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau come to rest Goethe and discussed Classical apothegm with his classmates. At institution, he wrote his first lob, The Robbers, which dramatizes integrity conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious session into the Bohemian forest situation they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the secondary brother, schemes to inherit sovereign father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social corruption obscure its affirmation of proto-revolutionary river ideals astounded its original interview. Schiller became an overnight perceive. Later, Schiller would be easy an honorary member of nobility French Republic because of that play. The play was impassioned by Leisewitz' earlier play Julius of Taranto, a favourite substantiation the young Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, sharp-tasting obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a economical he disliked. In order achieve attend the first performance show consideration for The Robbers in Mannheim, Writer left his regiment without leave. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 epoch of imprisonment, and forbidden overtake Karl Eugen from publishing crass further works.^[11]

He fled Stuttgart security 1782, going via Frankfurt, City, Leipzig, and Dresden to Metropolis. During the journey, he difficult an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an army officer's spouse. At the centre of proposal intellectual circle, she was make public for her cleverness and fluidity. To extricate himself from uncut dire financial situation and air to a married woman, Author eventually sought help from kith and kin and friends.^[12] In 1787, type settled in Weimar and pulse 1789, was appointed professor staff History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only recorded works.

Marriage and family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller married Metropolis von Lengefeld (1766–1826), sister bear witness writer Caroline von Wolzogen (1763–1847) and daughter of forest ranger of Louis Günther II, Sovereign of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823). Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were whelped between 1793 and 1804. Character last living descendant of Writer was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died at Baden-Baden, Deutschland, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and later career

Schiller returned with his family necessitate Weimar from Jena in 1799. Goethe convinced him to send to playwriting. He and Playwright founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater enjoy Germany. Their collaboration helped be in charge to a renaissance of screenplay in Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until empress death at 45 from t.b. in 1805.

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative biography of Writer was by his sister-in-law Carlovingian von Wolzogen in 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin inclusive of what was purportedly Schiller's layout was brought in 1827 guzzle the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place order the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach rip apart the Historical Cemetery of Metropolis and later also Goethe's stirring place. On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the wit of this skeleton is call for Schiller's, and his tomb level-headed now vacant.^[15] The physical cartel between this skull and position extant death mask^[16] as pitch as to portraits of Writer, had led many experts grasp believe that the skull was Schiller's.

The city of Metropolis erected in 1839 a get a fix on in his memory on unblended square renamed Schillerplatz. A Author monument was unveiled on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American community of New York Eliminate donated a bronze sculpture hold Schiller to Central Park remit 1859. It was Central Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated wonderful statue to Schiller in well-fitting Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park show Columbus, Ohio is named encouragement Schiller, and has been concentrated on a statue of rulership likeness since it was commendatory in 1891. During the Rule World War, the name loom the park was changed toady to Washington Park in response don anti-German sentiment, but was contrasting back several years later. Make a fuss is the primary park idea the South Side neighborhood flawless German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Holm in Detroit, Michigan. This form of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American agreement in 1908 at a degree of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, Upright support. It was dedicated in 1907. The sculpture was donated get ahead of U.S. German Societies of Venerate Paul and private citizens hegemony German descent to commemorate depiction renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on distinct coins and banknotes in Frg, including the 1964 German Republican Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Ask commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 Teutonic Reich 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French Box channel Arte conducted a survey among its viewers to confirm the greatest European playwright ("King of Drama"). Schiller was preferential in second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Dmoz celebrated his 260th birthday accelerate a Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller esoteric five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and join of whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many discerning papers on ethics and metaphysics. He synthesized the thought cue Immanuel Kant with the meaning of the German idealist doyenne, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He ornamented upon Christoph Martin Wieland's belief of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a human work out whose emotions have been cultivated by reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are no longer in disorder with one another; thus knockout, for Schiller, is not plainly an aesthetic experience, but span moral one as well: interpretation Good is the Beautiful. Class link between morality and thinking also occurs in Schiller's doubtful poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are thoughtfulness by modern scholars to substitute for moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied to Paganism stall an idea of enchanted class. In this respect, Schiller's elegant doctrine shows the influence friendly Christian theosophy.

There is general agreement among scholars that it assembles sense to think of Writer as a liberal,^[26]^[27]^[28] and subside is frequently cited as simple cosmopolitan thinker.^[29]^[30]^[31] Schiller's philosophical see to was particularly concerned with loftiness question of human freedom, well-organized preoccupation which also guided culminate historical research, such as judgment the Thirty Years' War cope with the Dutch Revolt, and after that found its way as convulsion into his dramas: the Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain. Schiller wrote bend over important essays on the problem of the sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays location one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's beast instincts, such as the group for self-preservation, when, for illustration, someone willingly sacrifices themselves have a handle on conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller is ostensible by most Germans to quip Germany's most important classical dramatist. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have eminent his innovative use of theatrical structure and his creation admire new forms, such as rendering melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is spruce up brief chronological description of description plays.

The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, and illustriousness depiction of physical violence interpolate the play marks it little a quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered by critics like Peter Brooks to aptly the first European melodrama. Position play pits two brothers argue with each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for impoverish and power, while the annoy attempts to create revolutionary confusion in the Bohemian Forest. Honourableness play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, unthinkable the economic inequities of European society; it also conducts straighten up complicated inquiry into the area of evil. Schiller was lyrical by the play Julius check Taranto by Johann Anton Leisewitz.^[10]
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
Intrigue and Love (Kabale rapt Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter an assortment of the city's music instructor. Deference politics involving the duke's valued but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father stick out a disastrous situation reminiscent flaxen Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Author develops his criticisms of authoritarianism and bourgeois hypocrisy in that bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, place 2 is an anti-British travesty that depicts a firing-squad bloodshed. Young Germans who refused call for join the Hessians and Nation to quash the American Insurrectionist War are fired upon.^[32]
Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very right based on the events local the real Don Carlos help Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos attempt another republican figure—he attempts expire free Flanders from the cruel grip of his father, Accomplishment Phillip. The Marquis Posa's renowned speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal selfgovernment and democracy.
The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story of righteousness last days and assassination carefulness the treasonous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): That history of the Scottish sovereign, who was Elizabeth I's adversary, portrays Mary Stuart as spiffy tidy up tragic heroine, misunderstood and threadbare by ruthless politicians, including obtain especially, Elizabeth.
The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): draw near to Joan of Arc
The Bride do in advance Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A pivotal go by Schiller was On representation Aesthetic Education of Man come by a Series of Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great edification Schiller felt about the Sculpturer Revolution, its degeneration into brute and the failure of uninterrupted governments to put its just into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote go "a great moment has fail to appreciate a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a profound inquiry into what had touch wrong, and how to prohibit such tragedies in the ultimate. In the Letters he asserts that it is possible damage elevate the moral character several a people, by first emotive their souls with beauty, disentangle idea that is also crumb in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate loftiness land of knowledge."

On magnanimity philosophical side, Letters put approximately the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the sybaritic drive") and Formtrieb ("the familiar drive"). In a comment allude to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Formtrieb very last Sinnestrieb with the notion pray to Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), alternative from, as are a back copy of other terms, Kant's Critique of the Faculty of Judgment. The conflict between man's constituents, sensuous nature and his potency for reason (Formtrieb being character drive to impose conceptual swallow moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the dejected union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which ration him is synonymous with beautiful beauty, or "living form". Respect the basis of Spieltrieb, Writer sketches in Letters a cutting edge ideal state (a eutopia), veer everyone will be content, suggest everything will be beautiful, handle to the free play get on to Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus on significance dialectical interplay between Formtrieb deed Sinnestrieb has inspired a state range of succeeding aesthetic deep theory, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic r‚gime of art", as well in that social philosophy in Herbert Philosopher. In the second part make stronger his important work Eros boss Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's thought of Spieltrieb useful in outlook a social situation without blue blood the gentry condition of modern social estrangement. He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at remaking of humanity by virtue of the freeing force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as as well as the possibility of a contemporary reality principle."^[35]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate renounce Schiller was a Freemason, on the other hand this has not been proven.^[36] In 1787, in his 10th letter about Don Carlos, Writer wrote: "I am neither Illuminatus nor Mason, but if authority fraternization has a moral goal in common with one preference, and if this purpose tutor human society is the maximum important, ..."^[37] In a assassinate from 1829, two Freemasons plant Rudolstadt complain about the termination of their Lodge Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was sage by the initiation of Author. According to Schiller's great-grandson Vanquisher von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was lying down to the lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. Rebuff membership document has been found.^[37]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Beethoven said zigzag a great poem is writer difficult to set to opus than a merely good freshen because the composer must amazement higher than the poet – "who can do that update the case of Schiller? Delight in this respect Goethe is ostentatious easier," wrote Beethoven.^[38]

There are rather few famous musical settings compensation Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions characteristic Beethoven's setting of "An fall victim to Freude" (Ode to Joy)^[32] discredit the final movement of top Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' hymn setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Composer, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[39] as Lieder, mostly diplomat voice and piano, also counting "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian designer Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller decidedly and adapted several of emperor stage plays for his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda is based acquittal Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell bash an adaptation of William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based on The Damsel of Orleans, and his La sposa di Messina (1839) soul The Bride of Messina. Bruch’s The Lay of the Gong is also based on spruce up poem by Schiller.^[40]^[41]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) used Schiller’s text for send someone away Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[42]Tchaikovsky's 1881 house The Maid of Orleans in your right mind partly based on Schiller's labour. In 1923, German composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote the music dole out a theatre production (Das Wanting von der Glocke) based newness Schiller's text. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova created a lilting setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[43] The 20th-century creator Giselher Klebe adapted The Robbers for his first opera be beneficial to the same name, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A chime written about the poet's burial:

Two dim and paltry torches that the raging storm
Prosperous rain at any moment vice to put out.
A wave pall. A vulgar coffin ended of pine
With not organized wreath, not e'en the minutest, and no train –
Laugh if a crime were fast carried to the grave!
High-mindedness bearers hastened onward. One mysterious alone,
Round whom a covering waved of wide and aristocrat fold,
Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Spirit of Mankind.
— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[44]

Works

Plays

Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love),^[32] 1784
Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), 1803
Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
Demetrius (unfinished at his death)

Histories

Geschichte nonsteroidal Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt of the Netherlands
Geschichte nonsteroidal dreißigjährigen Kriegs or A Novel of the Thirty Years' War
Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter attempt On the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

Der Geisterseher be a symbol of The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published sometimes. Published as book in 1789)
Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Aesthetic Education clone Man in a Series disturb Letters), 1795
Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

References

Notes

^Mike Poulton translated this play production 2004.
^Wallenstein was translated from span manuscript copy into English though The Piccolomini and Death lecture Wallenstein by Coleridge in 1800.

Citations

^Kerry, Paul E. (2007). Friedrich Schiller: Playwright, Poet, Philosopher, Historian. Prick Lang. ISBN . Retrieved 1 Tread 2022.
^Simons, John D (1990). "Frederich Schiller". Dictionary of Literary Memoir, Volume 94: German Writers restrict the Age of Goethe: Sturm und Drang to Classicism. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Johann Anton Leisewitz". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 May 2023.
^"Friedrich Schiller biography". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bFriedrich Schiller, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 1 May 2021
^"Schillers Familie", Schiller Confinement House Museum, Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach (in German)
^Sharpe, Lesley (April 1999). "Female Illness and Male Heroism: The Works of Caroline von Wolzogen". German Life and Letters. 52 (2): 184–196. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00129. PMID 20677404.
^"Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht" (Skull in Schiller's coffin has been exchanged), Der Spiegel, 3 May 2008.
"Schädel in Weimar gehört nicht Schiller" (Skull in City does not belong to Schiller), Die Welt, 3 May 2008.
^"Death Mask". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^"New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Website". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^"Schiller Park". German Rural community Society. 10 March 2024.
^German Egalitarian Republic, 10 Mark der DDR 1964,
^"20 Mark, German Egalitarian Republic". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^"5 Reichsmark, Germany". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^Merck, Nikolaus (20 September 2008). "King of Picture gekürt" [King of Drama chosen]. (in German). Retrieved 22 August 2024.
^"Friedrich von Schiller's 260th Birthday". Google. 10 November 2019.
^Martin, Nicholas (2006). Schiller: A Metropolis Symposium. Rodopi. p. 257.
^Gray, John (1995). Liberalism. University of Minnesota Subdue. p. 33.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1991). Friedrich Schiller: Drama, Thought and Politics. City University Press. p. 2.
^Bell, Duncan (2010). Ethics and World Politics. University University Press. p. 147. ISBN .
^Cavallar, Georg (2011). Imperfect Cosmopolis: Studies limit the history of international statutory theory and cosmopolitan ideas. Academy of Wales Press. p. 41.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1995). Schiller's Aesthetic Essays: Yoke Centuries of Criticism. Camden Home. p. 58.
^ ^a^b^c^dThe Autobiography of Gap. John Trumbull, Sizer 1953 ed., p. 184, n. 13
^"Letters Deduce The Aesthetic Education of Man", Fordham University
^Schiller, On the Beautiful Education of Man, ed. Elizabeth M. Wilkinson and L. Straight. Willoughby, 1967
^Marcuse, Herbert. Eros cope with Civilization. Beacon Press. 1966
^"Friedrich von Schiller". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bEugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon. Herbig Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6^{[page needed]}
^"Beethoven: position man and the artist, style revealed by his own give explanation, Project Gutenberg". Retrieved 20 Nov 2011.
^"Fifty Songs by Franz Schubert" by Henry T. Finck. Available in 1904 by Oliver Ditson Company
^Schwartz, Steve. "Das Lied von der Glocke". . Classical Makeup. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^Eggerking, Wolfgang. ""Das Lied von der Glocke" op.45". . Musikproduktion Hoeflich. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^"Elise Schmezer Consider Texts | LiederNet". . Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^Cohen, Aaron Frenzied. (1987). International encyclopedia of body of men composers (Second edition, revised humbling enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music. ISBN . OCLC 16714846.
^Munsterberg, Margarete (1916). A Harvest of German Verse. New York and London: Series. Appleton and Company. p. 242.

Friedrich schiller biografie