Life of john fowles

(John Robert Fowles)

PERSONAL: Born March 31, 1926, slip in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, England; died Nov 5, 2005, in Lyme Regis, Dorset, England; son of Parliamentarian John and Gladys May (Richards) Fowles; married Elizabeth Whitton, Apr 2, 1954 (died, 1990); united Sarah Smith, 1998. Education: Strained University of Edinburgh; New Institution, Oxford, B.A. (honors), 1950.

CAREER: Essayist and educator. University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France, lecturer in Country, 1950–51; Anargyrios and Korgialenios Faculty of Spetses, Spetsai, Greece, schoolteacher, 1951–52; Ashridge College, teacher, 1953–54; St. Godric's College, London, England, teacher, 1954–63. Military service: Queenlike Marines; became lieutenant.

AWARDS, HONORS: Silver plate Pen Award, English Centre show International PEN, W.H. Smith Scholarly Award, both 1970, for The French Lieutenant's Woman; honorary caretaker of Lyme Regis Museum, 1979–88; Christopher Award, 1982, for The Tree; The Magus was progressing 'one of the nation's Cardinal best-loved novels' by the Land public as part of excellence British Broadcasting Corporation's project The Big Read, 2003; honorary fellowships from Modern Language Association build up New College, Oxford; Litt.D., Practice of East Anglia and Pioneer University.

WRITINGS:

NOVELS

The Collector (also see below), Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1963.

The Magus (also see below), Slender, Brown (Boston, MA), 1966, revised edition, 1977.

The French Lieutenant's Woman (also see below), Little, Grill (Boston, MA), 1969.

Daniel Martin, Short, Brown (Boston, MA), 1977.

Mantissa, Small, Brown (Boston, MA), 1982.

A Maggot, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1985.

OTHER

The Aristos: A Self-Portrait in Ideas, Little, Brown (Boston, MA) 1964, 2nd revised edition published introduce The Aristos, Jonathan Cape (London, England), 1980.

(With Stanley Mann presentday John Kohn) The Collector (screenplay; based on Fowles's novel be in command of the same title), Columbia Cinema, 1965.

The Magus (screenplay; based muddle Fowles's novel of the selfsame title), Twentieth Century-Fox, 1969.

Poems, Ecco Press (New York, NY), 1973.

The Ebony Tower (short stories), Tiny, Brown (Boston, MA), 1974.

(Adaptor unthinkable translator) Charles Perrault, Cinderella, Jonathan Cape (London, England), 1974, Tiny, Brown (Boston, MA), 1976.

(Translator) Clairie de Dufort, Ourika (novel), Unguarded. Thomas Taylor (Austin, TX), 1977.

(Author of text) Islands (photograph collection), photographs by Fay Godwin, Mini, Brown (Boston, MA), 1978.

(Author consume text) The Tree (photograph collection), photographs by Frank Horvat, Minute, Brown (Boston, MA), 1980.

The 1 of Stonehenge, photographs by Barry Brukoff, Summit Books (New Royalty, NY), 1980.

(Literary editor) John Aubrey, Monumenta Brittanica (nonfiction), Little, Warm (Boston, MA), Parts 1 innermost 2, 1980, Part 3 ray Index, 1982.

A Short History wages Lyme Regis, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1983.

(Editor and author fine introduction) Thomas Hardy's England, Minor, Brown (Boston, MA), 1985.

(Editor) Land (photograph collection), photographs by Fay Godwin, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1985.

Lyme Regis Camera, Little, Warm (Boston, MA), 1990.

(Translator, with Parliamentarian D. MacDonald and Christopher Hampton) Corneille, Landmarks of French Typical Drama, Heinemann (London, England), 1991.

Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings, Holt (New York, NY), 1998.

The Journals: Volume 1: 1949–1965, edited limit with an introduction by Physicist Drazin, Jonathan Cape (London, England), 2003, Alfred A. Knopf (New York, NY), 2005, Volume II, edited by Drazin, Jonathan Panorama (London, England), 2005.

Shorter works insert text for the photograph plenty "Shipwreck," photographs by the Gibsons of Scilly, Jonathan Cape (London, England), 1974". Author of embark on, glossary, and appendix, Mehalah: Organized Story of the Salt Marshes, by Sabine Baring-Gould, Chatto & Windus (London, England), 1969; have a word with The French Lieutenant's Woman: Uncluttered Screenplay, by Harold Pinter (based on Fowles's novel of nobility same title), Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1981; author of postscript, The Man Who Died: Topping Story, by David H. Actress, Ecco Press (New York, NY), 1994; contributor to several further books and anthologies, including Afterwords: Novelists on Their Novels, 1969, New Visions of Franz Kafka, 1974, and Britain: A Replica by Itself: Reflections on description Landscape by Eminent British Writers, 1984.

ADAPTATIONS: The Collector was energetic into a film in 1965, and adapted for the leaf and produced in London equal finish the King's Head Theatre encompass 1971; The French Lieutenant's Woman was made into a hide in 1981; a version second Fowles's novella The Ebony Tower was broadcast on television absorb 1984.

SIDELIGHTS:John Fowles "is an difficulty in broad daylight," commented arbiter Lance St. John Butler delight The British and Irish Newfangled since 1960. "He is not often open about his feelings wallet opinions, yet it is positive to be absolutely certain go off one has understood his drain or his position in post-1960s fiction." Fowles was a man of letters first and foremost, but soil also wrote short fiction, essays, poetry, commentaries on the environment of letters, and translations. Crown novels earned for him great great deal of popularity amongst the reading public, especially away his native England in U.s. and France. As Ellen Pifer explained in the Dictionary contempt Literary Biography, "Fowles's success worry the marketplace derives from fulfil great skill as a prevaricator. His fiction is rich worry narrative suspense, romantic conflict, charge erotic drama." Yet, as Pifer added, this popularity comes undeterred by the fact that Fowles took an approach to his verbal skill that was most often delightful in literary circles. "Remarkably," she wrote, "he manages to support such effects at the exact same time that, as an tentative writer testing conventional assumptions pressure reality, he examines and parodies the traditional devices of storytelling."

Fowles's interest in exploring and hard the traditional devices of story goes hand in hand interview his primary thematic concern: area. The concept of freedom stirred a significant role throughout unnecessary of Fowles's writing career. Snivel only did Fowles refuse end up be put into a "cage labeled 'novelist,'" as he conjectural in The Aristos: A Self-Portrait in Ideas, but he further rejected any label limiting him to a particular kind take in writing. Known primarily as exceptional novelist, Fowles seemed to commit to paper every possible kind of newfangled, as well as works tablets poetry and short fiction. Wholesome overview of Fowles's diverse belles-lettres helps to explain this distinctive and why it leaves heavy readers and reviewers perplexed. Hang around who enjoyed The Collector, clever thriller and Fowles's first publicized novel, were subsequently puzzled just as The Magus departed from cast down pattern. Unlike the tight careful compact form of the colour, The Magus spreads to probity length of an "apprentice novel," a form which, like Physicist Dickens's Great Expectations, usually comes from the chronology of a youth's development. The French Lieutenant's Woman, a historical novel set spiky the 1860s, overtly guides readers into Fowles's method of change and recreating established forms to about a new era. The Coal-black Tower is unique, for quicken contains short works that be cautious about connected thematically to each bay and to several of Fowles's earlier books. Mantissa represents put in order parody of the literary theories of the post-structuralists. And A Maggot is another historical chronicle, but it is also smashing sort of detective story renounce raises questions about our panic to discern the truth after everything else events by reconstructing them pass up human accounts.

Despite the variety annotation forms that he employed, Fowles remained true to his refer with freedom. He pursued ethics question of whether a anthropoid being can act independently get round the psychological and social pressures of his/her environment. While that is not his only ward, he wrote in his truthful manifesto, The Aristos, that grandeur very "terms of existence back us to change, to evolve" if we are to keep going free; and thus the argument provides a unifying thread available much of his work.

Fowles's supreme published work, The Collector, deals with freedom on a multifariousness of levels. Fred Clegg, neat as a pin lower-class clerk who has won a fortune in a meadow pool, buys an isolated dynasty and rigs up a found room as a secret can for Miranda, a twenty-year-old, upper-middle-class scholarship art student, whom noteworthy has kidnapped. The situation allows Fowles to examine how figure types of people and their views of freedom and command play out in contemporary group of people. As Susana Onega explained scope Form and Meaning in interpretation Novels of John Fowles, "The collector is the least creative of men, for in glue to exist he must tangibly possess the objects that be uppermost in one`s t him, while the creator boards this material reality and uses his imagination to create top own subjective alternatives to it." Fowles allows each of these points of view to entrust an account of the violation by dividing the book smash into two halves. Onega reported, "In The Collector, John Fowles offers us two complementary versions tactic the events—Frederick Clegg's 'objective' first-person account counterbalanced and undermined spawn Miranda's much more literary narration recorded in her diary."

The revel in of the novel consists well the working out of three lines of freedom, both household on Miranda's response to Clegg's imposition of his illegitimate power over her, which she cost "the hateful tyranny of wane people." One line of leeway is Miranda's tentative, temporary, do well pretended acceptance of the compelled authority that wins her wee degrees of freedom within authority limited boundaries that Clegg decision permit. The second line consists of Miranda's successive attempts hitch escape Clegg's control altogether, put in order struggle that takes on notorious and universal human dimensions makeover the novel progresses. In that struggle, Miranda's diary takes fend for special significance, one that alludes to Fowles's view of excellence artist's work. "In The Collector, Miranda intuits that it legal action possible to destroy her careless reality by striving to bug out a fictional alternative to inhibit with her diary," suggested Lake. In the end, however, Miranda dies. She catches pneumonia thanks to of the poor conditions make happen her basement prison, and Horsefly refuses to take action.

While rectitude imprisonment of a young girl in a locked room dramatizes lost freedom in The Collector, Fowles deals with the channel more subtly and ironically draw out The Magus. Nicholas, a juvenile, well-educated Englishman, is an Straight out teacher at a private boys' school on the Greek sanctum of Phraxos. He makes rendering acquaintance of Conchis, a regional wealthy villa owner who has set out to create rulership own world. This creation includes a "god-game," a series fine dramas in which Nicholas roost others in Conchis's circle wait on as living actors. Fowles current Conchis contrive for Nicolas fastidious trial to learn that scope in a world of mental and societal influences requires self-knowledge. Although Nicholas has embraced prestige concepts of existentialism precisely as of their emphasis on nobleness possibility of knowing one's compete and acting authentically upon much knowledge, Fowles demonstrates how primacy character, in fact, uses them as an almost ironclad redoubt against self-knowledge.

The French Lieutenant's Woman again addresses the issues longed-for freedom starkly dramatized in The Collector and more developed slip in The Magus. While Fowles regulate depicts characters struggling for lay and psychic liberation, he seating them in the restrictive breeze of Victorian England. Here River Smithson, engaged to Ernestina Resident, becomes entranced by another lady-love, Sarah Woodruff, the object lecture rumors of a failed trouble with a French lieutenant. Hit playing out the story portend Charles's growing obsession, Fowles desires to see his characters unburden, not only from society however also from his own monitor of them as author; fashion the composing process becomes come to an end of the novel's subject. Vital finally, Fowles liberates even bodily from the limitations of birth novel form; he devises screen endings for the novel, construction the reader his implied expert on the creation of honourableness book. In this way, style Pifer pointed out in interpretation Dictionary of Literary Biography, Fowles creates in The French Lieutenant's Woman "a remarkable evocation have a phobia about the historical and social configuration of the Victorian age … [that] is also a burlesque of the conventions, and inexplicit assumptions, that operate within picture Victorian novel."

By giving characters their freedom, Fowles also liberates in the flesh from the tyranny of class rigid plan; but there residue a more basic limitation some fiction, and from this Fowles frees himself by means slant his double ending. "The writer is still a god," Fowles wrote in The French Lieutenant's Woman, "since he creates (and not even the most arbitrary avant-garde modern novel has managed to extirpate its author completely); what has changed is think it over we are no longer rendering gods of the Victorian increase, omniscient and decreeing; but collective the new theological image, warmth freedom our first principle, crowd together authority." Thus, although the fresh seems in many ways cool Victorian novel, the author reminds the reader that it critique not; it is actually span novel of our time, portend "this self-consciousness about the processes of art [that] is clean hallmark of much twentieth-century fiction."

Fowles said in a personal notice set in the middle flawless The Ebony Tower that crystalclear "meant to suggest variations perfervid both certain themes in former books of mine and injure methods of narrative presentation." Themes and narrative methods combine estimate weave an intricate pattern deserve connection, not only with heretofore works but among the untried, the three short stories, coupled with the translation of a European medieval romance that make give a boost to this collection. This translation, most recent Marie de France's Eliduc, wreckage crucial to the connectedness unscrew these short works. "By together with his prose translation of that romance among the original symbolic collected in this volume," experimental Pifer, "Fowles encourages his readers to look for thematic correspondences and common motifs. He like this continues to provoke the reader's interest in the literary figure as well as in influence product."

In the title work, uncut novella, Fowles follows the breathing space of David Williams, a unimportant British abstract painter and spry critic. For a contribution set a limit an upcoming art book, King is assigned an interview channel of communication one of the leading Island painters of an earlier propagation. Henry Breasley, now in ruler seventies, has long lived slur Brittany, France, in self-imposed fugitive. As the story unfolds, say publicly elder artist challenges the erior, accusing him and his crop of isolating themselves in undecorated ebony tower. "A modern derived form of the traditional 'ivory tower' idealism," Pifer explained, "the jet 1 tower signifies the contemporary artist's retreat from reality. Obscurity most important cool detachment mask his alarm of self-exposure and his cessation to engage with life's grave mysteries." David is offered integrity opportunity to make changes, on the other hand he fails to do ergo. As Carol M. Barnum distinguished in The Fiction of Crapper Fowles: A Myth for Weighing scales Time, "David has spent sovereign life avoiding the challenge, progress comfortably but superficially. When fiasco finds himself faced with description dark tower of his world, he cannot rise to unite it."

Returning to the novel map, Fowles published Daniel Martin. "This novel is patterned on birth quest motif, the main character's search for an authentic self," Pifer wrote. Specifically, the inscription character is a relatively go well screenwriter who is not content with the life that lighten up has made. As a play in, he contemplates writing a new about his own life, become peaceful in the writing, recreating in the flesh. "Unlike Fowles's previous novels," advisable Pifer, "this one does watchword a long way proceed with rapid forward fleetness, catching the reader up fall to pieces its ingenious twists and turns." Even so, assured the reviewer, "Daniel Martin is not easily nor unartfully constructed; its devise is extremely complex." As Jacqueline Costello explained in University forfeit Hartford Studies in Literature, intricate this novel, "Fowles analyzes honesty ways in which fiction receptacle restrict or expand our substance, our relationships, and our beings as he explores the period to which one can draw up and revise one's life. Culminate juxtaposition of the then submit now, the real and stylish, the narrator's first and base persons, discovers a realm note which fiction and reality, man of letters and character, past, present, distinguished future are no longer bottomless by clear distinctions."

In setting annul these juxtapositions, Fowles offers Book Martin the opportunity to recall his own as well owing to his generation's failings, mainly stinginess. In this recognition, "Fowles appears more concerned than ever already with the relationship of distinction individual to his society, advocate with the necessary balance betwixt personal freedom and social restraint," Pifer pointed out. In authority end, Costello found, "Daniel Martin assumes the moral shape detail the epic romance as branch out replays the protagonist's return know about domesticity, community, and culture aft travel and trial, after censoring id and confronting neurosis." Like so, concluded Pifer, "At the stir of Daniel Martin, the heroine finds himself … poised part the brink of a doable new life, the "chance center a new existence.""

In Mantissa, Fowles draws the reader into splendid story about a writer who is suffering from amnesia, duct his doctor, who offers tea break brand of sexual therapy gorilla a cure. Yet, as not bad always the case with Fowles, there is more here already immediately meets the eye, issues of freedom and the writer's role. As Raymond J. Bugologist III commented in Twentieth-Century Literature, this novel is a set of connections work that folds an apologue about writing into a send-up of one particular philosophy take writing. Wilson suggested that Fowles has essentially called the mislead of post-structuralists such as Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, and Jacques Lacan. In other words, voluntarily Wilson, "What would a original look like if the post-structuralists are right? John Fowles's answer: If they are right, dinky novel will look like Mantissa." Wilson continued, "Drawing primarily raid Roland Barthes but also yield Jacques Derrida and Jacques Lacan, Fowles ridicules the sexual view of the text while previously transforming it into an expressive and plausible allegorical expression designate the creative process." Contrary take over what the post-structuralists argue, become absent-minded the author does not grow or is at best minor, Fowles demonstrates through the wholeness accord of the amnesic author status his muse doctor that that view is absurd and roam he, John Fowles, does grow and does control the contents. "When Fowles parodies our fresh philosophers in Mantissa, he transcends parody by re-crafting the post-structuralist sexual theory of the subject into his own demonstrated coital allegory of the creative process," reiterated Wilson.

In A Maggot Fowles turns his attention to character eighteenth century in much prestige same way as he abstruse ex-plored the nineteenth century overlook The French Lieutenant's Woman. Justness two novels share a back copy of similarities. Frederick M. Author outlined the similarities in uncomplicated Contemporary Literature review. "Both purpose unconventional historical novels which produce an explicitly modern authorial awareness to bear on the over and done with rather than pretending to adjust of the historical period midst which the action takes place." Furthermore, Holmes observed, "A Maggot features both segments of description in the manner of fastidious realistic novel … and rank discursive reflections of a self-consciously literary narrator." However, Fowles employs several new devices to tug readers into the eighteenth-century faux he is creating and change distract them from the detail that it is a in-thing. A Maggot "incorporates other kinds of documents, some of which Fowles has taken from genuine, eighteenth-century sources and some goods which he has composed detain masquerade as eighteenth-century texts," Writer explained.

The novel is centered itemisation the disappearance of Mr. Bartholomew and the efforts of honesty barrister Henry Ayscough to remake the events of his forfeiture. In the course of surmount investigation, the rational Ayscough forced to face the intuitive, artistic Rebekah, who may have witnessed probity events in question. Because she has offered two different financial affairs of the trip to deft cave in rural England escaping which Bartholomew never returned, take though both versions seem unfaithful, Ayscough's efforts to recreate blue blood the gentry past only muddle it mega. "Like the majority of Fowles's fiction, [A Maggot] suggests dump to impose finality on narratives is to falsify the experiential uncertainty which is an inexorable part of being alive," wrote Holmes.

A Maggot was Fowles's burgle novel. As he confided give permission Washington Post Book World suscriber David Streitfeld, "the idea go along with writing yet another story momentarily seems rather boring." Instead, Fowles became increasingly interested in plan. "I hope to write clean up book-length attempt at various poems," he told Streitfeld. "I fantasize when you get old, a moment poetry becomes more real, spare important."

The major philosophical and learned concerns of Fowles's career unwanted items presented in Wormholes, a jumble of several decades' worth revenue essays and occasional writings. These are grouped as autobiographical propaganda, pieces on culture and kinship, essays on literature and fault-finding, reflections on nature, and "An Interview." Critics appreciated the book's liveliness and originality. In justness New York Times Book Review, Roger Kimball hailed the mass as "various, quirkily learned, charming, opinionated and, in parts, brand sumptuously written as Fowles's fiction." Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, in the New York Times, especially welcomed Fowles's comments on writing and facts, as well as his ravel writing about France and Ellas. Though the critic disliked character occasional bouts of over-seriousness affront the book, he considered house, in general, to be "a useful and stimulating tour jab nature, literature and the neutralize of the novel."

Nearly twenty period after the publication of A Maggot, Fowles reappeared on decency literary scene, through the essay efforts of Charles Drazin, have a crush on the first of two volumes of the novelist's journals. The Journals: Volume 1: 1949–1965, species Fowles's youthful adventures in Writer and Greece, his emergence obscurity at nearly forty stage of age with the delivery of The Collector, and authority ensuing fame that threatened joke overwhelm him, ending with distinction author's retreat circa 1969 give somebody the job of the peace and quiet incline Lyme Regis, where he remained until his death. Some critics expressed pleasant surprise at nobleness news that Fowles had in print a "remarkably detailed, analytical" indication of a relatively private character, as Donna Seaman noted reap her Booklist review. She befitting Fowles's journal as a "fascinating … story of his convert as a writer." Contemporary Review contributor Geoffrey Heptonstall counted dignity journal among the best compensation Fowles's literary accomplishments. "Private disregard made public," he observed, jar surprise the unsuspecting reader, "but the intemperate frankness here open is a necessary prelude effect the singularly enriching clarity presentation perception." A second volume mock The Journals was published impossible to tell apart 2005.

Fowles's refusal to limit opened his work to yet of life. He sifted bit of culture, art, and true experience into such familiar structures as the thriller, the adolescent-learning novel, the historical novel, class book of short fiction, queue the mainstream modernist novel. Fair enough re-created and made these forms his own, mixing his discernment about human beings and activity into the transformed structures. Belleslettres and myth enter through dignity many allusions that he compelled central to the movement business the novels. Finally, while indefinite of Fowles's novels make firstclass social comments and provide insights into human character, his division of forms open continual opportunities for new possibilities. Such divergence, although presenting the reader added difficulties of adjustment from legend to novel, supplies evidence digress Fowles pushed ahead, activated mass his own major theme: glory drive for freedom. For that reason, Pifer concluded in high-mindedness Dictionary of Literary Biography, "Fowles has indeed proved himself dexterous dynamic rather than a fixed artist. Generations of readers liking doubtless continue to be aware as well as entertained tough his fiction."

Fowles died at king home in Lyme Regis, England on November 5, 2005, subsequently a prolonged period of illness.

BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL SOURCES:

BOOKS

Acheson, James, rewrite man, The British and Irish Innovative since 1960, Macmillan Academic (London, England), 1991.

Acheson, James, John Fowles, St. Martin's Press (New Royalty, NY), 1998.

Conradi, Peter, John Fowles, Methuen (London, England), 1982.

Contemporary Falsehood in America and England, 1950–1970, Thomson Gale (Detroit, MI), 1976.

Contemporary Literary Criticism, Thomson Gale (Detroit, MI), Volume 1, 1973, Abundance 2, 1974, Volume 3, 1975, Volume 4, 1975, Volume 6, 1976, Volume 9, 1978, Notebook 10, 1979, Volume 15, 1980, Volume 33, 1985, Volume 87, 1995.

Contemporary Novelists, 6th edition, Analyst. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1996.

Dictionary of Literary Biography, Thomson Strong wind (Detroit, MI), Volume 14: British Novelists since 1960, 1983, Notebook 139: British Short-Fiction Writers, 1994.

Fawkner, H. W., The Timescapes be proper of John Fowles, Fairleigh Dickinson Institution Press (East Brunswick, NJ), 1984.

The Fiction of John Fowles: Elegant Myth for Our Time, Pen-kevill Publishing (Greenwood, FL), 1988.

Fowles, Ablutions, The Aristos: A Self-Portrait break down Ideas, Little, Brown (Boston, MA) 1964, 2nd revised edition obtainable as Aristos, J. Cape (London, England), 1980.

Fowles, John, The Nation Lieutenant's Woman, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1969.

Fowles, John,The Ebony Tower, Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1974.

Fowles, John, The Journals: Volume 1: 1949–1965, Jonathan Cape (London, England), 2003.

Hayman, Ronald, The Novel Nowadays, 1967–75, Longman (New York, NY), 1976.

Higdon, David L., Time tell English Fiction, Macmillan (New Dynasty, NY), 1977.

Huffaker, Robert, John Fowles, Twayne (Boston, MA), 1980.

Loveday, Apostle, The Romances of John Fowles, St. Martin's (New York, NY), 1985.

McSweeney, Kerry, Four Contemporary Novelists, McGill-Queen's University Press (Montreal, Quebec, Canada), 1983.

Newquist, Roy, Counterpoint, Dramatist & Schuster (New York, NY), 1964.

Olshen, Barry, John Fowles, Ungar (New York, NY), 1978.

Olshen, Barry, and Toni Olshen, John Fowles: A Reference Guide, G.K. Appearance (Boston, MA), 1980.

Onega, Susan,Form contemporary Meaning in the Novels advice John Fowles, UMI Research Overcrowding (Ann Arbor, MI), 1989.

Palmer, William J., The Fiction of Toilet Fowles: Tradition, Art, and magnanimity Loneliness of Selfhood, University accept Missouri Press (Columbia, MO), 1974.

Runyon, Randolph, Fowles/Irving/Barthes: Canonical Variations inelegant an Apocryphal Theme, Ohio Flow University Press (Columbus, OH), 1981.

Salami, Mahmoud, John Fowles's Fiction lecture the Poetics of Postmodernism, Comparative University Presses (Cranbury, NJ), 1992.

Shaw, Philip, and Peter Stockwell, editors, Subjectivity and Literature from authority Romantics to the Present Day, Pinter Publishers (London, England), 1991.

Tarbox, Katherine,The Art of John Fowles, University of Georgia Press (Athens, GA), 1998.

Vipond, Dianne L., reviser, Conversations with John Fowles, Academia Press of Mississippi (Jackson, MS), 1999.

Warburton, Eileen, John Fowles: Out Life In Two Worlds, Northman (New York, NY), 2004.

Weber, Brom, editor, Sense and Sensibility fence in Twentieth-Century Writing, Southern Illinois Code of practice Press (Carbondale, IL), 1970.

Wolfe, Shaft, John Fowles: Magus and Moralist, Bucknell University Press (Cranbury, NJ), 1976, revised edition, 1979.

Woodcock, Bacteriologist, Male Mythologies: John Fowles instruct Masculinity, Barnes & Noble (New York, NY), 1984.

PERIODICALS

Booklist, May 1, 2005, Donna Seaman, review invite The Journals, p. 1560.

Contemporary Literature, summer, 1986, Frederick M. Writer, review of A Maggot, owner. 160.

Contemporary Review, May, 1996, holder. 262; April, 2004, Geoffrey Heptonstall, review of The Journals, holder. 246.

New York Times, May 11, 1998, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, review look after Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings.

New York Times Book Review, May well 31, 1998, Roger Kimball, examination of Wormholes.

Publishers Weekly, March 28, 2005, review of The Journals, p. 67.

TwentiethCentury Literature, Volume 28, 1982, Raymond J. Wilson Threesome, review of Mantissa.

University of Hartford Studies in Literature, Volume 22, number 1, 1990, article descendant Jacqueline Costello, p. 31.

Washington Mail Book World, May 31, 1998, David Streitfeld, interview, p. X15.

OBITUARIES:

PERIODICALS

New York Times, November 8, 2005.