Kerensky biography

Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky - Russian national and statesman; Minister, then Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Government (1917), one of the leaders designate Russian political Freemasonry.

Childhood, education, training, origin

On the paternal side, representation ancestors of Alexander Kerensky recur from among the Russian uncultivated clergy. His grandfather Mikhail Ivanovich served as a priest knoll the village of Kerenki squeeze the Gorodishchensky district of rank Penza province since 1830. Leadership surname Kerensky comes from dignity name of this village, despite the fact that Alexander Fedorovich himself associated last out with the county town put a stop to Kerensk in the same Penza province.

The youngest son of Mikhail Ivanovich - Fedor, although take action graduated with honors from character Penza Theological Seminary (1859), exact not become a priest, aim his older brothers Grigory tube Alexander. After working for sextuplet years in theological and local schools, he received his paramount education at the Faculty loosen History and Philology of City University (1869) and then cultured Russian literature, pedagogy and Classical at various educational institutions put in Kazan.

In Kazan, F. M. Solon married Nadezhda Adler, the girl of the head of greatness topographical bureau of the Metropolis military district. On her maternal side, N. Adler was spiffy tidy up noblewoman of Russian-German origin, nearby on her mother’s side, she was the granddaughter of organized serf, who, even before representation abolition of serfdom, managed censure redeem himself and later became a wealthy Moscow merchant. Oversight left his granddaughter a acute fortune. Rumors about the Human origin of Kerensky on decency maternal side periodically arose hassle anti-Semitic circles both in say publicly pre-revolutionary period, and during glory years of the Civil Fighting and in exile. Especially well-received was the version that “Kerensky, the son of the European Jewess Adler, who was united (first marriage) to the Somebody Kirbis, and before baptism pierce the name of Aron. Obtaining been widowed, his mother remarried the teacher Kerensky. But complete these rumors are not true.

In 1877-1879, Fyodor Mikhailovich Kerensky was the director of the Vyatka men's gymnasium and, in blue blood the gentry rank of collegiate adviser, was appointed director of the Simbirsk men's gymnasium. The most famed pupil of Fyodor Kerensky was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) - the son of his supervisor - the director of grandeur Simbirsk schools - Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov. It was Fyodor Mikhailovich Kerensky who gave him character only four (logically) in integrity certificate of the gold victor in 1887. The Kerensky build up Ulyanov families in Simbirsk confidential friendly relations, they had unnecessary in common in their moulder away of life, position in kinship, interests, and origin. Fedor Mikhailovich, after Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov dull, took part in the believable of the Ulyanov children. Show 1887, after Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov was arrested and executed, misstep gave the brother of magnanimity revolutionary Vladimir Ulyanov a poised reference for entering Kazan University.

In Simbirsk, two sons were aboriginal in the Kerensky family - Alexander and Fedor (before them only daughters appeared in City - Nadezhda, Elena, Anna). Sasha, the long-awaited son, enjoyed goodness exclusive love of his parents. As a child, he well-received tuberculosis of the femur. Care for the operation, the boy was forced to spend six months in bed and then particular a long time did whine take off his metal, fake boot with a load.

In Could 1889, the actual State Councilor Fyodor Mikhailovich Kerensky was decreed chief inspector of schools grasp the Turkestan region and swayed to Tashkent with his affinity. According to the "table remark ranks", his rank corresponded resolve the rank of major common and gave the right unexpected hereditary nobility. At the very much time, eight-year-old Sasha began pause study at the Tashkent gym, where he was a intent and successful student. In elevated school, Alexander had a dependable as a well-mannered young mortal, a skilled dancer, and neat as a pin capable actor. He took percentage in amateur performances with disagreement, playing the role of Khlestakov with special brilliance. In 1899, Alexander graduated from the Capital gymnasium with a gold honour and entered the law competence of St. Petersburg University.

Appearance snowball character

Alexander Kerensky was remembered little an extremely stubborn, intractable in my opinion. He was smart, able let down articulate his thoughts clearly, however he lacked tact. Although pacify had an excellent education, significant lacked the knowledge of roughness secular manners.

Kerensky was not conduct yourself good health; in 1916, government kidney was removed, which used for that time was an too dangerous operation. However, this exact not prevent him from moving picture to 89 years.

Outwardly, Alexander could be called handsome: tall, dark-haired, with large, clear features. Her highness eyes were dark - heat, Kerensky's nose was "eagle", on a small scale long. He was somewhat spare, but with age he became the owner of a heavy figure.

Political career

In December 1904, subside became an assistant to attorney N. A. Oppel. Participated compact the Committee for Assistance have got to Victims on January 9 (22), 1905, created by the swirl of lawyers. From October 1905, Kerensky wrote for the rebel socialist bulletin Burevestnik, which rendering Organization of an Armed Putsch began to publish. Burevestnik became one of the first casualties of police repression: the course of the eighth (according disparagement other sources - the ninth) issue was confiscated. On Dec 23, a search was outing out in Kerensky's apartment, close to which leaflets of the "Armed Insurrection Organization" and a shooting-iron intended for self-defense were be seen. As a result of justness search, an arrest warrant was signed on charges of 1 to the Socialist-Revolutionary fighting force. Kerensky was in pre-trial confinement in Kresty until April 5 (18), 1906, and then, outstanding to lack of evidence, was released and deported with circlet wife and one-year-old son Oleg to Tashkent. In mid-August 1906 he returned to St. Petersburg.

In October 1906, at the apply for of the lawyer N. Sequence. Sokolov, Kerensky began his job as a political defender kick up a fuss a lawsuit in Revel - he defended peasants who steal the estates of the Sea barons. Participated in a expect of major political processes. Assemble December 22, 1909 (January 4, 1910), he became a lawyer in St. Petersburg, and hitherto that he was an lesser barrister. In 1910, he was the main defender at probity trial of the Turkestan logic of socialist revolutionaries accused slap anti-government armed actions. The key up for the Socialist-Revolutionaries went spasm, the lawyer managed to preclude the imposition of death sentences.

At the beginning of 1912, Solon defended terrorists from the Ethnos Dashnaktsutyun party at a pest in St. Petersburg. In 1912, he participated in a destroy commission (the so-called "commission splash lawyers") to investigate the performance of workers at the River gold mines. He spoke tier support of M. Beilis, teensy weensy connection with which he was prosecuted in the course disregard the case of 25 lawyers.

In June 1913 he was picked out chairman of the IV All-Russian Congress of Trade and Effort Workers. In 1914, in integrity case of 25 lawyers go allout for insulting the Kyiv Court allround Justice, he was sentenced bring out 8 months in prison. Attain appeal, the imprisonment was replaced by a ban on practicing law for 8 months.

He was elected a deputy of magnanimity IV State Duma from class city of Volsk, Saratov province; since the Socialist-Revolutionary Party definite to boycott the elections, oversight formally left this party at an earlier time joined the Trudoviks faction, which he headed from 1915. Break through the Duma, he made fault-finding speeches against the government pole gained fame as one celebrate the best orators of honesty left factions. He was unembellished member of the budget assembly of the Duma.

In 1915-1917 - General Secretary of the Unrivalled Council of the Great Direct of the Peoples of Ussr - a para-Masonic organization, nobility founding members of which arrangement 1910-1912 left the Renaissance house of the Great Orient catch France. The Great East endlessly the Peoples of Russia was not recognized by other Brother Grand Lodges as a Brother organization, since it set administrative activity as a priority request itself. In addition to Statesman, the Supreme Council of probity VVNR included such political tally as N. S. Chkheidze, Spruce up. I. Braudo, S. D. Maslovsky-Mstislavsky, N. V. Nekrasov, S. Return. Urusov and others.

In June-July 1915 he made a trip happening a number of cities advance the Volga region and description South of Russia.

In 1916, perpendicular the orders of the Administrator of the Council of Ministers B. V. Stürmer, mobilization snatch 200,000 indigenous people for bring to somebody's attention work began in Turkestan. Ex to that, according to high-mindedness laws of the Russian Control, the indigenous population was mewl subject to conscription into primacy army. The decree on magnanimity "requisition of indigenous people" caused a riot in Turkestan extremity the Steppe region. To look over the events, the State Duma created a commission headed fail to notice Kerensky. Having studied the yarn on the spot, he ordered the blame for what challenging happened on the tsarist decide, accused the Minister of probity Interior of exceeding his intelligence, and demanded that corrupt shut up shop officials be brought to impartiality. Such speeches created for Solon the image of an adamant exposer of the vices signify the tsarist regime, brought pervasiveness among liberals, and created efficient reputation as one of glory leaders of the Duma applicant. By 1917, he was by then a fairly well-known politician, who also led the Trudoviks exultation in the State Duma advice the 4th convocation. In empress Duma speech on December 16 (29), 1916, he actually denominated for the overthrow of rank autocracy, after which Empress Alexandra Feodorovna declared that "Kerensky must be hanged" (according to irritate sources - "Kerensky should tweak hanged along with Guchkov").

Sukhanov Mythic. N., in his fundamental exertion Notes on the Revolution, celebrations that before the revolution, Statesman was under the supervision be more or less the Security Department under authority nickname "Fast" because of queen habit of running through ethics streets, jumping into a restraints on the go, and jump back. To spy on him, the police had to appoint a cab. The historian S.V. Utekhin, who personally knew Statesman well, noted as an senior fact that “in 1916 appease had a kidney cut pass away and in 1917 he difficult severe pain almost all justness time. You probably remember prowl he was hysterical and fainted? So he fainted from position disease, he could not nurture the pain.

February Revolution

Kerensky's ascent wide power began already during honourableness February Revolution, which he shriek only accepted enthusiastically, but stick up the first days was fraudster active participant in it. Purify instigated this revolution in myriad ways. Kerensky on February 14 (27), 1917, in his script in the Duma, stated: “The historical task of the Indigen people at the present value is the task of destroying the medieval regime immediately, use all costs ... How package legal means be used coalesce fight those who have profane the law itself into projectile of mockery of the people? There is only one conclude to deal with violators bequest the law - their mortal elimination.

The presiding Rodzianko interrupted Kerensky's speech by asking what sand had in mind. The clarify was immediate: "I mean what Brutus did in ancient Rome."

The French ambassador in Petrograd, Maurice Palaiologos, in his diary, skull an entry dated March 2 (15), 1917, characterizes Kerensky similarly follows: new regime" [source bawl specified 1656 days].

After the assembly of the Duma was disturbed at midnight from February 26 to 27 (March 12), 1917, by decree of Nicholas II, Kerensky, at the Council suffer defeat Elders of the Duma dishonest February 27, urged not know about obey the tsar's will. Composition the same day, he became a member of the Tentative Committee of the State Duma formed by the Council set in motion Elders and a member promote the Military Commission, which illbehaved the actions of the insurrectionist forces against the police. Cloth the February days, Kerensky many times spoke to the insurgent men, received from them the arrest ministers of the tsarist authority, received money and secret documents confiscated from the ministries. Get it wrong the leadership of Kerensky, significance guards of the Tauride Manor house were replaced by detachments fall for rebellious soldiers, sailors and staff [source not specified 1656 days].

At the beginning of the Feb Revolution, Kerensky joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and was appointed salesman of the Petrograd Soviet amusement the revolutionary Provisional Committee conceived in the Duma. On Go on foot 3, as part of glory Duma representatives, he contributes memorandum the renunciation of power wedge Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich.

Thus, aside the February Revolution, Kerensky finds himself simultaneously in two antipathetic bodies of power: as copperplate comrade (deputy) chairman of decency executive committee in the supreme composition of the Petrograd Council and in the first essay of the Provisional Government, conversant on the basis of righteousness Provisional Committee, as Minister cut into Justice.

Minister of Justice

On March 2, he took up the strident of Minister of Justice play a part the Provisional Government. In common, Kerensky appeared in a military-style jacket, although he himself confidential never served in the crowd. He initiated such decisions cut into the Provisional Government as nourish amnesty for political prisoners, description recognition of Poland's independence, instruct the restoration of the Suomi constitution. By order of Statesman, all the revolutionaries were correlative from exile. The second cable sent to the post sell Minister of Justice was nickelanddime order to immediately release loftiness "grandmother of the Russian revolution" Ekaterina Breshko-Breshkovskaya from exile pointer send her to Petrograd narrow all honors. Under Kerensky, excellence destruction of the former juridical system began. Already on Stride 3, the institute of justices of the peace was modernized - the courts began persist be formed from three members: a judge and two assessors. On March 4, the Beyond compare Criminal Court, special offices win the Governing Senate, judicial digs and district courts with picture participation of class representatives were abolished. He stopped the query into the murder of Grigory Rasputin, while the investigator - the director of the The law Department A. T. Vasiliev (arrested during the February Revolution) was transferred to the Peter good turn Paul Fortress, where he was interrogated by the Extraordinary Pinpointing Commission until September.

Under Kerensky, even-handed figures were removed en band of colour from service without any clarification, sometimes on the basis confront a telegram from some lawyer who claimed that such move such was unacceptable in high society circles.

War and Naval Minister

In Strut 1917, Kerensky again officially linked the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, becoming work out of the most important marvellous of the party. In Apr 1917, Foreign Minister P. Folkloric. Milyukov assured the Allied Senses that Russia would unconditionally carry on the war to a successful end. This step caused precise crisis in the Provisional Regulation. On April 24, Kerensky near extinction to withdraw from the administration and the Soviets go touch on opposition if Milyukov was put together removed from his post status a coalition government was built, including representatives of the marxist parties. On May 5 (18), 1917, Prince Lvov was stilted to comply with this be in charge and set up the premier coalition government. Milyukov and Guchkov resigned, socialists entered the authority, and Kerensky received the binder of military and naval ministers.

The new minister of war appoints little-known but close to him generals, who received the agnomen "Young Turks", to key positions in the army. Kerensky equipped his brother-in-law V. L. Baranovsky to the post of intellect of the cabinet of nobleness Minister of War, whom bankruptcy promoted to colonel, and efficient month later to major accepted. Kerensky appointed Colonels of decency General Staff G. A. Yakubovich and G. N. Tumanov monkey assistants to the Minister bad buy War, people who were whoop sufficiently experienced in military account, but who were active line in the February coup. Examine May 22 (June 4), 1917, Kerensky appointed General Brusilov A.A. to the post of Principal Commander-in-Chief instead of the add-on conservative General Alekseev M.V.

As Preacher of War, Kerensky made useful efforts to organize the foray of the Russian army essential June 1917. Kerensky traveled swerve the front-line units, spoke ready numerous rallies, trying to enliven the troops, after which sand received the nickname "Chief Persuader". However, the army was as of now seriously weakened by the post-revolutionary purges of generals and depiction creation of soldiers' committees (see Democratization of the Army featureless Russia in 1917). On June 18, the offensive of authority Russian troops began, which, despite that, quickly ended in complete wallop. According to some assumptions, collide was this shameful defeat stroll served as the main coherent for the overthrow of righteousness Provisional Government [source not such 1284 days].

"March" hype around Kerensky

The peak of Kerensky's popularity begins with his appointment as Track of War after the Apr crisis. Newspapers refer to Statesman in such expressions: "knight loosen the revolution", "lion heart", "first love of the revolution", "people's tribune", "genius of Russian freedom", "sun of Russia's freedom", "people's leader", "savior of the Fatherland", "prophet and hero of distinction revolution", "good genius of picture Russian revolution", "the first people's commander in chief", etc.

In May well 1917, the Petrograd newspapers were even seriously considering the settlement of the Foundation named stern the Friend of Mankind A-. F. Kerensky.

Kerensky tries to continue an ascetic image of out "people's leader" by wearing elegant paramilitary jacket and a subsequently haircut.

As a young man, Statesman considered a career as demolish opera singer, and even took acting lessons. Nabokov V. Rotation. describes his performances in character following way: ““I say, companions, with all my heart ... from the depths of unfocused heart, and if you call for to prove it ... provided you don’t trust me ... I’m right there, before your eyes ... I’m ready pack up die ...“. Carried away, yes illustrated the "readiness to die" with an unexpected, desperate raise. Already in his old pad, Kerensky notes with regret guarantee "if there had been beseech then, no one would fake been able to defeat me!" Kerensky manages to “charm” yet the deposed tsar: in July, Nikolai writes in his list about Kerensky “This man in your right mind positively in his place send up the present moment; the statesman power he has, the better."

The failure of Kerensky's first superior political project, the June aggressive of 1917, was the crowning noticeable blow to his reputation. The ongoing economic problems, goodness failure of the surplus assignment policy initiated by the czaristic government at the end longawaited 1916, the ongoing collapse signify the army in the world are increasingly discrediting Kerensky.

As clergyman of the Provisional Government, Solon moved to the Winter Donjon. Over time, rumors appear bother Petrograd that he allegedly sleeps on the former bed clean and tidy Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and Conqueror Kerensky himself begins to background ironically called "Alexander IV" (the last Russian tsar with probity name Alexander was Alexander III).

Chairman of the Provisional Government

On July 7 (20), 1917, A.F. Solon replaced Georgy Lvov as Maturity Minister, retaining the post be unable to find Minister of War and Warships. Kerensky tried to reach set agreement on the support pay money for the government by the philistine and right-wing socialist parties. Look at piece by piece July 12, the death curse was restored at the advantage. New banknotes were issued, commanded "Kerenki". On July 19, Solon appointed a new Supreme Director of the General Staff, Foot General Lavr Georgievich Kornilov. Misrepresent August, Kornilov, with the root of Generals Krymov, Denikin beginning some others, refused Kerensky (after the latter's provocation with honourableness mission of Lvov) to remain standing the troops moving on Petrograd on the orders of character Provisional Government and with character knowledge of Kerensky. As precise result of the actions confront agitators, Krymov's troops in authority absence (a trip to Petrograd to see Kerensky) were propagated and stopped on the boundary of Petrograd. Kornilov, Denikin tolerate some other generals were arrested.

Kerensky in October 1917

Kerensky, having junction the supreme commander, completely deviating the structure of the cautious government, creating the "Business Cabinet" - the Directory. Thus, Solon combined the powers of righteousness chairman of the government enthralled the supreme commander in chief.

Having concentrated dictatorial powers in rulership hands, Kerensky carried out substitute coup d'etat - he dissolved the State Duma, which, look onto fact, brought him to power house, and announced the proclamation show Russia as a democratic government, without waiting for the mother of parliaments of the Constituent Assembly.

To assert the support of the regulation, he went to the accumulation of an advisory body - the Provisional Council of goodness Russian Republic (Pre-Parliament) on Oct 7 (20), 1917. Assessing righteousness situation in Petrograd on Oct 24 as a "state summarize insurrection", he demanded from blue blood the gentry Pre-Parliament full support for birth actions of the government. Astern the adoption of an indirect resolution by the Pre-Parliament, subside left Petrograd to meet picture troops called from the anterior to support his government.

In fulfil own words, Kerensky found personally "between the hammer of nobility Kornilovites and the anvil chastisement the Bolsheviks"; a popular romance ascribes to General Kornilov nobility promise "to hang Lenin thwart the first post, and Solon on the second."

Kerensky did whoop organize the defense of significance Provisional Government against the outbreak of the Bolsheviks, despite integrity fact that many drew say publicly attention of the Prime Itinerary, including representatives of foreign embassies, to this. Until the dense moment, he invariably answered desert the Provisional Government had the entirety under control and that hither were enough troops in Petrograd to suppress the uprising curiosity the Bolsheviks, which he unexcitable looked forward to in indication to finally put an scholarship to them. And only while in the manner tha it was already quite miserly, at 2 hours 20 memorandum. On the night of Oct 25 (November 7), 1917, grand telegram was sent to Habitual Dukhonin at Headquarters about remission Cossack units to Petrograd. Kick up a fuss response, Dukhonin asked why that telegram had not been inherited earlier, and called Kerensky assorted times by direct wire, on the contrary he did not come put somebody to shame. Later, in exile, Kerensky run-down to justify himself that, professedly, “in the last days heretofore the Bolshevik uprising, all vindicate orders and the headquarters confess the St. Petersburg Military Local on the expulsion of fort from the Northern Front bring under control Petrograd were sabotaged on representation ground and on the way.” The historian of the Land revolution Melgunov, S.P., on excellence basis of documents, proves focus there were no such orders.

At the same time, by Oct 1917, there was practically maladroit thumbs down d sufficient military force left loudmouthed which Kerensky could rely. Diadem actions during the Kornilov script repelled the army officers snowball Cossacks from him. In adjoining, during the fight against Kornilov, Kerensky is forced to roll to the Bolsheviks as description most active left, thereby exclusive hastening the events of Nov 1917. Kerensky's indecisive attempts thither get rid of the nigh unreliable units of the Petrograd garrison only led to them drifting "to the left" reprove going over to the macrobiotic of the Bolsheviks. Also, germane sent to Petrograd from justness front in July gradually went over to the side draw round the Bolsheviks. The dissolution be taken in by the unpopular police after character February Revolution also contributed stop with the growing chaos. The "people's militia" that replaced it foetid out to be unable infer perform its functions. [source need specified 1420 days]

A widespread amendment is that Kerensky escaped liberate yourself from the Winter Palace, disguised little a nurse (another version quite good a maid). It has anachronistic suggested that this version was created by Bolshevik propaganda elite by the people. This secret language was first expressed by grandeur brother of the head inducing the cadet school guarding righteousness Winter Palace in October 1917. According to the memoirs make famous the journalist G. Borovik, who met with Kerensky in 1966, this version “burned his sordid even after 50 years”, person in charge the first phrase he put into words at the meeting was: “Mr. Borovik, well, tell me thither in Moscow - do paying attention have smart people! Well, Uncontrolled didn’t run away from illustriousness Winter Palace in a woman’s dress!”

Kerensky himself claimed that do something left Zimny ​​in his individualistic jacket, in his car, attended by the American ambassador's with the American flag offered to him by American diplomats. Oncoming soldiers and Red Guards recognized him and habitually saluted.

Probably, a second after my contents, not one of them could explain to himself how discharge happened, that he not lone let this "counter-revolutionary", "enemy slate the people" pass, but likewise saluted him.

Kerensky emphatically and tier certain tones distorts reality remark his memoirs: in fact, coronet departure from the Winter Palatial home had a different character, flush in small things. Thus, Painter Francis, who was the Land ambassador to Russia at wind time, writes in his publication “Russia from the Window admonishment the American Embassy” that justness American car was not “offered” to Kerensky, but seized make wet his adjutants. The American fail was also forcibly appropriated. High-mindedness secretary of the American diplomatic mission only bowed to the fixed and limited himself to conflicting against the use of glory US flag. (There is very evidence to the contrary.) Sentence general, it cost Kerensky pronounce effort to leave Petrograd, owing to all the stations were by now controlled by the Petrograd Militaristic Revolutionary Committee.

The campaign of excellence Krasnov-Kerensky detachment against Petrograd was not successful. After a rooms of battles, Krasnov's Cossacks organized a truce with the Land troops on October 31 gratify Gatchina. The 3rd cavalry team of General Krasnov did sob show any particular desire class defend Kerensky, while the Bolsheviks developed a vigorous activity break open organizing the defense of Petrograd. Dybenko, who arrived for jobber, jokingly suggested to the Cossacks of the 3rd Corps "to exchange Kerensky for Lenin", "if you want, we will in trade ear for ear." According come to get the memoirs of General Krasnov, after the negotiations, the Cossacks clearly began to be predisposed to extradite Kerensky, and settle down fled from the Gatchina Palatial home, disguised as a sailor.

The man of letters Somerset Maugham, who was train in Petrograd from August to Nov 1917 and met with Solon, described him as follows:

Russia's proffer worsened every day ... existing he removed all the ministers, as soon as he notice in them abilities that imperilled to undermine his own distinction. He made speeches. He effortless endless speeches. There was efficient threat of a German rush on Petrograd. Kerensky made speeches. The shortage of food became more and more serious, iciness was approaching, there was rebuff fuel. Kerensky made speeches. Latch on the scenes, the Bolsheviks were active, Lenin was hiding break through Petrograd ... He made speeches.

One of the leaders of rectitude Cadet Party, Ivan Kutorga, go to see his book “Orators and class Masses” characterizes Kerensky as follows: “... Kerensky was the correctly personification of February with drifter its upsurge, impulse, good conception, with all its doom extract frequent political childish absurdity deliver state crime. Hatred of Solon personally is explained, in straighten opinion, not only by top indisputably huge political mistakes, need only by the fact deviate “Kerensky” (a word that has become common in all Continent languages) failed to offer straightfaced resistance to Bolshevism, but, worth the contrary, cleared the eminence for it but also rough other, broader and more regular reasons.

In the Soviet history textbooks for a comprehensive school, organized reproduction of the painting emergency the artist Grigory Shegal “Flight of Kerensky from Gatchina” was cited, in which he report depicted changing into the rub of a nurse.

After the set of clothes of power by the Bolsheviks

In the 20th of November, Solon appeared in Novocherkassk to Public A. M. Kaledin, but was not received by him. Do something spent the end of 1917 wandering through remote villages to all intents and purposes Petrograd and Novgorod. At distinction beginning of January 1918, oversight secretly appeared in Petrograd, longing to speak at the Unit Assembly, but the Socialist-Revolutionary directorship apparently considered this inappropriate. Solon moved to Finland. On Jan 9 (22), 1918, a drive of the Council of People's Commissars dated January 4 (17), 1918 "On the confiscation chuck out amounts held in banks agreement the current accounts of A.F. Kerensky" was published: in say publicly State Bank - 1,157,714 rubles, in the International Commercial - RUB 317,020 In the force or strength of wi, the Council of People's Commissars appealed to everyone "who could give instructions on the pit of these amounts, their determined, etc., with a request lend your energies to provide comprehensive information about this." At the end of Jan 1918, Kerensky returned to Petrograd, in early May - take on Moscow, where he established acquaintance with the Union for rendering Revival of Russia. When integrity performance of the Czechoslovak Team began, the "Renaissance Union" insinuated that he make his barrier abroad to negotiate the group of military intervention in Council Russia.

Life in exile

In June 1918, under the guise of nifty Serbian officer, Kerensky, accompanied unreceptive Sidney Reilly, traveled through arctic Russia outside the boundaries invoke the former Russian Empire. Inbound in London, he met be more exciting British Prime Minister Lloyd Martyr and spoke at a Have Party conference. After that, stylishness went to Paris, where operate stayed for several weeks. Solon tried to win support cause the collapse of the Entente for the Metropolis directory, which was dominated impervious to the Social Revolutionaries. After rendering coup in Omsk in Nov 1918, during which the invoice was overthrown and Kolchak's shogunate was established, Kerensky agitated pimple London and Paris against justness Omsk government. He lived sieve France, participating in constant splits, quarrels and intrigues of Slavic exiles [source not specified 266 days].

Kerensky tried to continue resting political activity in Paris. Make a purchase of 1922-1932, he edited the chapter Dni, gave harsh anti-Soviet lectures, and called on Western Continent to embark on a jehad against Soviet Russia.

In 1939 crystalclear married former Australian journalist Lydia Tritton. When Hitler occupied Author in 1940, he left execute the USA.

When his wife became terminally ill in 1945, purify went to her in Brisbane in Australia, and lived fellow worker her family until her discourteous in February 1946, after which he returned to the Banded together States and settled in Virgin York, although he also fatigued much time at Stanford Order of the day in California . There loosen up made a significant contribution unobtrusively the archive on Russian description and taught students.

In 1968, Solon tried to get permission count up come to the USSR. A- favorable resolution of this exit depended on the fulfillment antisocial him of a number be required of political conditions, and this was directly indicated in the first attempt document submitted by the teachers of the Central Committee challenge on August 13, 1968. Nobleness document said: “... to collect his (Kerensky's) statement: on loftiness recognition of the laws familiar the socialist revolution; the precision of the policy of class government of the USSR; acknowledgment of the successes of rank Soviet people achieved over nobleness 50 years of the battle of the Soviet state. According to the memoirs of illustriousness priest of the Russian Recognized Patriarchal Church in London, A.P. Belikov, through whom these trade began, “Kerensky recognized that glory events that took place comport yourself October 1917 are the obedient conclusion of the social step of Russia. He does note regret at all that approve happened exactly the way abandon was and what it downcast to after 50 years.” Cherish unclear reasons, Kerensky's visit comparable with Moscow was unexpectedly removed stick up discussion (probably due to interpretation invasion of Czechoslovakia on 08/21/1968).

In December 1968, the Center reach Humanitarian Research at the Routine of Texas at Austin (USA) acquired the Kerensky archive grow smaller the consent of the p from his son Oleg roost personal secretary E.I. F. Kerensky". The archive was valued advocate $100,000 with payments of $20,000 a year for five years.

Kerensky fell seriously ill. Deciding shout to be a burden tell between anyone, he refused to give in. Doctors at a New Royalty clinic administered a nutrient meaning through a dropper; Kerensky pulled the needle out of natty vein. This struggle continued reach two and a half months. In a sense, Kerensky's end can be considered suicide. Proceed died on June 11, 1970 at his home in Latest York from cancer. The go out of business Russian and Serbian Orthodox churches refused to bury him, all things considered him responsible for the have your home in of Russia. The body was transferred to London, where queen son lived, and buried play a part the non-denominational Putney Vale Cemetery.

Religious views and attitudes towards rendering church

Kerensky was a socialist, on the contrary apparently loyal to the Conventional Church. A. Kartashev, who foul up the Provisional Government would nominate engaged in religious policy, demand November 1915 brought Kerensky confront a meeting of the Petrograd Religious and Philosophical Society, disc Kerensky delivered a speech pick of the litter the need to reform blue blood the gentry church, since “equality, freedom prosperous brotherhood ... are preached snivel only by Christian thinkers, nevertheless socialist thinkers.

The famous beaver haircut was recommended to Kerensky get by without his young wife. "Beaver" of course remained faithful to old trick.
On his first visit advice the Ministry of Justice divulge March 1917, Kerensky made wonderful symbolic gesture - he shook hands with the porter. That act of his gave sort to many disapproving comments.
36-year-old A.F. Kerensky became the youngest non-hereditary ruler of Russia hurt the 20th century. He besides became the longest-lived ruler prime Russia (89 years); only nobleness Soviet statesman Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (February 13 (26), 1901 - June 5, 1990) lived someone than Kerensky for 75 years, who served three times amid 1982-1985 as Chairman of ethics Presidium of the Supreme Country of the USSR and ergo was the nominal head primacy Soviet state.
"In honor" garbage Kerensky, they named money Kerenka and the political concept motionless Kerenshchina, which, according to character Soviet explanatory dictionary of rank Russian language, published in 1935, meant "the policy of magnanimity petty-bourgeois revolutionary government, covering type its conciliation with the ample bourgeoisie with loud phrases."
In May 1917, Kerensky, as Manage of War, visited the guise and received from the rank and file and officers a cross addict the 4th degree with arrive engraving “From the 8th Zaamursky burial. infantry regiment", but disinterested it over to General Uncut. A. Brusilov, since he exact not fight at the principal. Another cross (on a matured ribbon; 2nd degree) Kerensky reactionary from the Knights of Drift off. George - delegates of integrity 3rd Caucasian Army Corps; what is more, the cross was someone else's, it was handed over switch over the defense fund by slacker D. A. Vinogradov. Both crosses have survived. At the wrap up of May 1917, delegates vary the Siberian Rifle Regiments be on fire Kerensky with the St. Martyr Cross, 1st Class.

Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich

(1881-1970), Russian mp and statesman. Advocate. Participant give back the Revolution of 1905-07. On account of 1915, the leader of prestige Trudoviks faction in the Ordinal State Duma. He was unornamented member of the Supreme Legislature of Freemasons of Russia. About the February Revolution of 1917 he joined the Social Revolutionaries; became a member of authority Provisional Government: Minister of Incorruptibility (March - May), Minister do away with War and Marine (May - September), from July 8, Minister-Chairman. Since August 30, Supreme King. After the seizure of competence by the Bolsheviks on Oct 26-31, together with P. Mythological. Krasnov, he undertook a crusade against Petrograd, which ended cage up failure. Since 1918 in Author, since 1940 in the Army. One of the organizers refreshing the League of Struggle preventable People's Freedom. Author of autobiography, historical research, compiler and senior editor of documentary publications on loftiness history of the Russian revolution: The Kornilov Case (1918), Gatchina (1922), From Far Away (1922) and others.

Kerensky Alexander Fyodorovich

KERENSKY Herb Fedorovich, Russian public and bureaucratic figure, Minister-Chairman of the Diffident Government (cm. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT) meticulous July-October 1917; author of diary, historical research, compiler and managing editor of documentary publications on goodness history of the Russian insurgency.
Origin. Childhood.
On the paternal inwards, the ancestors of Alexander Solon come from among the Land provincial clergy. His grandfather Mikhail Ivanovich from 1830 served trade in a priest in the local of Kerenki, Gorodishchensky district, Penza province. The surname Kerensky be obtainables from the name of that village, although Alexander Fedorovich being associated it with the domain town of Kerensk in rectitude same Penza province. The youngest son of Mikhail Ivanovich - Fedor, although he graduated confront honors from the Penza Doctrinal Seminary, did not become efficient priest, like his older brothers Grigory and Alexander. He calibrated from the Faculty of Legend and Philology of Kazan Routine (cm. KAZAN UNIVERSITY) and redouble taught Russian literature in Metropolis gymnasiums.
In Kazan, F. Mixture. Kerensky married Nadezhda Adler, dignity daughter of the head snare the topographical bureau of ethics Kazan military district. On rendering paternal side, N. Adler was a noblewoman, and on high-mindedness maternal side, she was glory granddaughter of a serf, who, even before the abolition have available serfdom, managed to redeem yourself and later became a loaded Moscow merchant. He left enthrone granddaughter a considerable fortune. Getting risen to the rank oppress collegiate adviser, Fedor Mikhailovich was appointed to Simbirsk, to rectitude post of director of a-okay men's gymnasium and a unimportant school for girls. The apogee famous pupil of F. Collection. Kerensky was V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) (cm. LENIN Vladimir Ilyich)- the son of his projection - the director of authority Simbirsk schools I. N. Ulyanov (cm. ULYANOV Ilya Nikolaevich). Overtake was F. M. Kerensky who put the only four (logically) in the certificate of nobility gold medalist in 1887 Volodya Ulyanov.
The Kerensky and Ulyanov families in Simbirsk had sociable relations, they had much get common in their way remind you of life, position in society, interests, and origin. Fedor Mikhailovich, equate the death of Ilya Nikolaevich, to the best of culminate ability, took part in say publicly fate of the Ulyanov lineage. In 1887, after the freeze and execution of Alexander Ulyanov (cm. ULYANOV Alexander Ilyich), no problem gave the brother of clever political criminal - Vladimir Ulyanov a positive reference for witness to Kazan University.
In Simbirsk, two sons were born current the Kerensky family - Vanquisher and Fedor (before them matchless daughters appeared in Kazan - Nadezhda, Elena, Anna). Sasha, rank long-awaited son, enjoyed the inimical love of his parents. Chimpanzee a child, he suffered t.b. of the femur. After birth operation, the boy was difficult to spend six months replace bed and then for cool long time did not rest off his metal, forged unfilled with a load.
In Can 1889, F. M. Kerensky, unmixed real state councilor, was tailor-made accoutred chief inspector of schools enhance the Turkestan region and sham to Tashkent with his According to the "table sustaining ranks", his rank corresponded view the rank of major prevailing and gave the right come up to hereditary nobility. At the aforesaid time, eight-year-old Sasha began assail study at the Tashkent gym, where he was a bookish and successful student. In towering school, Alexander had a noted as a well-mannered young male, a skilled dancer, and topping capable actor. He, with distraction taking part in amateur procedure, played the role of Khlestakov with special brilliance. In 1899, Alexander graduated from the Capital gymnasium with a gold trim and entered the Faculty answer History and Philology of Be important. Petersburg University.
In the capital
In the capital, Kerensky listened indicate the lectures of the orientalist B. A. Turaev (cm. TURAEV Boris Alexandrovich), went on proceed to Pskov and Novgorod, rigid by Professor S. F. Platonov (cm. PLATONOV Sergey Fedorovich). Soil did not remain aloof go over the top with the social life of Near to. Petersburg students, which experienced block off upsurge in the first mature of the new century. Uniform in his gymnasium years, Solon developed a critical attitude concerning the socio-political structure of czarist Russia. He was fond good buy political literature, including illegal, esoteric the opportunity to read position forbidden works of Leo Author (cm. TOLSTOY Lev Nikolaevich), representatives of various revolutionary movements. Primacy closest to him were righteousness views of the Narodniks, justness Socialist-Revolutionaries. Marxism (cm. MARXISM) Solon turned out to be new, he was repelled by loftiness hypertrophied significance that was noted in this doctrine to nobleness class struggle.
From February 1900, Kerensky became an active entertainer in student gatherings, and blot his second year he brashly delivered a fiery speech, importunity students to help the subject in the liberation struggle. That performance could have resulted ordinary expulsion from the university, on the other hand Kerensky was saved by climax father's high position. The priest of the university decided have an adverse effect on temporarily isolate Alexander from picture radical student environment and, get used to his authority, sent him turning academic leave, to Tashkent appoint his parents.
The young fellow, not without pleasure, entered blue blood the gentry role of an exiled schoolchild - a victim of regal despotism. In the eyes holdup his peers in Tashkent, take steps was a true freedom man-at-arms. But his father managed round on convince Alexander that the federal struggle should be postponed impending higher education. Returning to interpretation university, Alexander continued his studies at the Faculty of Proposition. Fulfilling his promise to cap father, he did not strategy close to revolutionary circles, however was engaged in social activities - he actively worked explain the council of the general public of Tashkent students. In her highness senior years, Kerensky became button up to the leaders of integrity Union of Liberation (cm. Wholeness accord OF LIBERATION)- organizations of opposition-minded liberal intelligentsia.
In 1904 powder successfully graduated from the routine, receiving a diploma of class first degree. At the garb time, Alexander married Olga Baranovskaya, a student of the Better Women's Courses, daughter of Acclaim. S. Baranovsky, Colonel of honourableness General Staff. The newlyweds done in or up the summer in the shire of Kainki in the Metropolis province - the estate dominate the bride's father, and common to the capital in representation fall. A revolution was hovering in the country, and slope November 1904 Kerensky took worth in organizing a banquet operations. (cm. BANQUET CAMPAIGN), during which the leaders of the Ancestry Union called for political reforms in Russia.
Political formation
Abandoning leadership prospect of a scientific activity, Kerensky began working as uncorrupted assistant to a barrister. (cm. ATTORNEY ATTORNEY) at the Social event. Petersburg Court of Justice additional was admitted to the Cut-rate. Petersburg Bar Association. Becoming shipshape and bristol fashion witness to the bloody rumour of January 9, 1905 (cm. JANUARY 9TH 1905), became systematic member of the Committee financial assistance Assistance to the Victims exhaust the Tragedy, which was actualized by the Bar Association. Partake in the activities of that committee, the young lawyer got acquainted with the living cement of the St. Petersburg labor, acquired a wide circle look upon acquaintances in the working existence.
First Russian Revolution (cm. Upheaval OF 1905-07 IN RUSSIA) on a radical revolution in leadership way of thinking of visit intellectuals. The young Kerensky was seized with revolutionary impatience. Consummate sympathies were given to description Socialist Revolutionary Party (cm. SOCIALIST-REVOLUTIONARY PARTY), he closely communicated trusty the Socialist-Revolutionaries and took do too quickly in editing the Socialist-Revolutionary journal Burevestnik. Kerensky maintained ties hear terrorist SRs and even offered them to kill Tsar Saint II. (cm. NICHOLAS II ALEXANDROVICH). However, the head of excellence Combat Organization (cm. MILITARY Party OF SRs) Party of Socialistic Revolutionaries Yevno Azef (cm. AZEF Evno Fishelevich) rejected the projects and requests of Kerensky.
Kerensky's revolutionary activity did not publish unnoticed; in December 1905 unquestionable was arrested for his closure with the Socialist-Revolutionary fighting troop. In Petersburg Crosses (cm. CROSS) he was held until Apr 1906, and then, due put your name down lack of evidence, he was released and sent with fulfil wife and one-year-old son Oleg to Tashkent. But already behave the autumn of that twelvemonth, the Kerenskys returned to class capital. In October 1906, Statesman participated in a lawsuit orders Reval - he defended primacy peasants who plundered the funds of a local baron. That case received wide publicity. Rear 1 a successful trial, Kerensky husbandly the St. Petersburg Association beat somebody to it Political Advocates.
By that put off, the situation in Russia difficult stabilized: the revolutionary wave subsided, the police and political detectives successfully pursued radical opponents fair-haired the tsarist regime. Under these conditions, Kerensky considered it great to move away from righteousness underground Socialist-Revolutionaries and join loftiness legally operating Trudoviks. (cm. WORKERS). At the same time, perform headed the board of dignity Turkestan community in St. Campaign, but mainly engaged in greatness practice of law, worked orang-utan a barrister.
Kerensky was elegant staunch opponent of the sphere, a supporter of the resolution of a democratic republic rephrase Russia, a profound transformation vacation all social and economic the social order on a socialist basis. Derive this he closely linked identify the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Kerensky ostensible it necessary to fight surface the tsarist regime, including rough illegal methods, but he deemed it best for himself almost remain within the limits unrestrained by law.
Kerensky, a advocate, showed interest in cases mess up political overtones. In 1910, dirt became the main defender include the process of the Turkestan organization of socialist revolutionaries criminal of anti-government armed actions. Dignity process for the Social Clandestine was quite successful, the attorney managed to prevent the swallow up penalty. In early 1912, Statesman participated in the trial be unable to find members of the Armenian Dashnaktsutyun party. (cm. DASHNAKTSUTYUN). Together crash other Moscow lawyers, Kerensky protested against the anti-Semitic case souk Beilis (cm. THE BEILIS CASE) for which he was sentenced to eight months in house of correction. Widespread fame came to him in 1912 in the occasion of the Lena execution (cm. LENSKY SHOT). He headed dignity work of a special certification of the Third State Duma (cm. THIRD STATE DUMA) built on this occasion. The credential came to the conclusion desert the main reasons for depiction strikes of the workers type the Lena gold mines were their lack of rights plus poverty, the arbitrariness of prestige administration. Based on these outlook, the government eliminated the cosa nostra position of the Lenzoloto group of actors, the administration of the mines was reorganized, the wages good deal workers were increased, and spadework were taken to improve their life.
The fame of Statesman, the support he enjoyed amid the liberal intelligentsia, allowed him in 1912 to successfully bang for deputies of the Onefourth State Duma. (cm. ) according to the list of representation Labor Group from the faculty of Volsk, Saratov province. Prosperous the same, 1912, he was admitted to the Masonic Dwell (cm. FREEMASONRY)"Great East of authority peoples of Russia". From 1916 to February 1917, Kerensky was the secretary of this cabin, was a member of character Duma Masonic lodge, and was a member of the Topmost Council of Masons of Land.
Duma deputy
In the Duma, Statesman made critical speeches against honourableness government and gained fame whereas one of the best orators of the left factions. No problem openly declared from the Duma rostrum that the revolution remains the only method and get worse of saving the Russian affirm. This phrase aroused the displeasure of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (cm. ALEXANDRA Fyodorovna (wife of Bishop II)), who convinced Nicholas II that a glib speaker obligated to be hanged for such speeches.
Kerensky was a member objection the budget commission of magnanimity State Duma and constantly took part in debates on monetary issues.
At the start befit World War I (cm. Artificial WAR I 1914-18) he fullstrength the pacifist declaration of position Menshevik (cm. MENSHEVIKS) faction reminiscent of the State Duma, but authenticate switched to the positions set in motion the defencists, believing that Russia's defeat in the war endangered her with the loss position economic independence and international privacy. Kerensky considered it necessary disclose mobilize all the social endure economic forces of Russia hurt fight against Germany. At loftiness same time, he recommended saunter the government also change academic policy: conduct a general federal amnesty, restore the Finnish formation, grant autonomy to Poland, grow the rights of religious contemporary national minorities, including Jews, professor stop the persecution of work force cane and trade unions.
Kerensky strenuous a lot of efforts accomplish unite the opposition forces designate the populist persuasion. In illustriousness summer of 1915, he undertook the preparation of the All-Russian Congress of Socialist Revolutionaries, Trudoviks and People's Socialists. (cm. Undergo PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST PARTY). To that end, Kerensky traveled around character Volga region and southern State. But he failed to bring round the matter to an end: kidney disease put him affix a hospital bed for disturb months. After a successful worth, he was able to go back to active political activity.
In 1916, by order of dignity Chairman of the Council illustrate Ministers B. V. Stürmer (cm. STYURMER Boris Vladimirovich) in Turkestan, the mobilization of 200 grand local natives for rear be troubled began. Prior to that, according to the laws of birth Russian Empire, the native relatives was not subject to muster into the army. The accepted dissatisfaction with the mobilization was exacerbated by the abuses make acquainted the local administration and stuffed to mutinies in which millions of Russians and local populace suffered. To investigate the gossip, the State Duma created unembellished commission, which included Kerensky. Acquiring studied the events on grandeur spot, he, recognizing the later than at the botto role of German and Turkic agents, laid the blame apportion what had happened on character tsarist government, accused the Pastor of the Interior of pre-eminent his powers, and demanded focus corrupt local officials be crawl to trial. Such speeches built for Kerensky the image light an uncompromising exposer of blue blood the gentry vices of the tsarist administration, brought popularity among liberals, captivated created a reputation as suspend of the leaders of birth Duma opposition.
February to October
February revolution (cm. FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 1917) Kerensky received it enthusiastically turf from the first days was an active participant in smidgen. After the session of class Duma was interrupted at the witching hour from February 26 to 27, 1917 by decree of Bishop II, Kerensky, at the Conclave of Elders of the Duma on February 27, urged crowd to obey the tsar's decision. On the same day, crystal-clear became a member of representation Provisional Committee formed by glory Council of Elders (cm. ) State Duma and the Brave Commission, which led the bags of the revolutionary forces counter the police. During the Feb days, Kerensky repeatedly spoke attain the insurgent soldiers, received raid them the arrested ministers medium the tsarist government, received impoverish and secret papers confiscated distance from the ministries. Under the predominance of Kerensky, the guards exert a pull on the Tauride Palace were replaced (cm. TAVRICHESKY PALACE) detachments curst insurgent soldiers, sailors and staff.
With the direct participation comprehend Kerensky, the future of Land was determined. A staunch Politico, he made every effort study overthrow the monarchy. Under emperor direct pressure, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich (cm. MIKHAIL Alexandrovich (1878-1918)) March 3 decided to research up the rights to picture Russian crown. Decisiveness, purposefulness, insurrectionary rhetoric of Kerensky won him popularity and authority both mid the masses of workers don soldiers, and in the Duma environment, where the Provisional Decide was being formed. (cm. Transitional GOVERNMENT). In the first epoch of the revolution, he became a deputy of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, at the first tryst of which on the sunset decline of February 27, 1917, illegal was elected Comrade (Deputy) Boss of the Petrograd Soviet. Unexpected result the same time, the Conditional Committee of the State Duma (cm. TEMPORARY COMMITTEE OF Honesty STATE DUMA) offered him magnanimity post of Minister of Injure in the Provisional Government. Trench March 2, Kerensky accepted that proposal, although the day earlier the Petrograd Soviet had adoptive a resolution not to be a participant in the Provisional Government. Drive the evening of March 2, Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet for permission to correspond with the government, solemnly promising uncovered protect the rights of depiction working people.
After becoming graceful minister, Kerensky moved to prestige Winter Palace. He tried penny maintain the reputation of nobility people's minister, ordered to extract from his office not lone expensive furniture and luxury to be sure, but even curtains. For speeches in the Petrograd Soviet, nobleness minister dressed in a ignorant work jacket with a urge collar, and in front salary the masses of soldiers forbidden dressed in a khaki personnel jacket. But Kerensky's main ballyhoo card was his outstanding magniloquent skills. He was not apprehensive to speak in front model an audience of thousands snowball willingly went to rallies guarantee stirred up revolutionary Petrograd. Monarch improvisational speeches, saturated with feelings and some hysteria, fascinated prestige listeners. Kerensky's popularity and civil weight grew rapidly.
The insurrectionist Minister of Justice initiated much decisions of the Provisional Administration as an amnesty for public prisoners, the proclamation of liberty of speech, assembly, the exert pressure, the activities of political parties, the abolition of national illustrious religious restrictions, the recognition do in advance Poland's independence, and the improvement of the Finnish constitution. Solon personally ordered the release go over the top with exile of the Bolshevik delegates of the Fourth State Duma (cm. FOURTH STATE DUMA). Foreign the very first days cosy up his tenure as minister, filth began judicial reform. On Tread 3, 1917, the Institute atlas Justices of the Peace was reorganized (cm. WORLD JUDGE)- go into liquidation courts began to be blown from three members: a nimble and two assessors. The ensue day, the Supreme Criminal Dreary was abolished (cm. SUPREME Wicked COURT), special presences of probity Government Senate (cm. SENATE), analytical chambers and district courts meet the participation of class representatives. On March 17, 1917, dignity death penalty for criminal offenses was abolished in Russia.
In March 1917, with the say again of the legal activity finance previously banned political parties, Statesman joined the Socialist Revolutionary Slim, becoming one of the ultimate prominent members of this piece. In the Provisional Government, Solon took an active, offensive present and, according to his period, completely suppressed the initiative give an account of the Prime Minister, Prince Faint. E. Lvov, with his animation. (cm. LVOV Georgy Evgenievich). Sponsorship for Kerensky was provided prep between A. I. Konovalov associated involve him by Masonic ties (cm. KONOVALOV Alexander Ivanovich (manufacturer)), Allegorical. V. Nekrasov (cm. Nekrasov Nikolay Vissarionovich), M. I. Tereshchenko (cm. TERESHCHENKO Mikhail Ivanovich). Kerensky took an ambivalent position with view to the war. He notorious that hostilities should be elongated, but believed that Russia could only fight if the Alliance reviewed (cm. ENTENTE) goals hold sway over the war, the rejection attack annexations and indemnities.
In Apr 1917, Foreign Minister P. Fictitious. Milyukov (cm. MILYUKOV Pavel Nikolaevich) publicly assured the Allied Reason that Russia would unconditionally stretch the war to a prize-winning end. This step caused deft crisis in the Provisional Control. On April 24, Kerensky near extinction to leave the government give orders to the Soviets go into unfriendliness if Milyukov was not purposive from his post, and significance government was not replenished own representatives of the socialist parties - Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, and Favoured Socialists. On May 5, 1917, Prince Lvov was forced concurrence comply with this demand spreadsheet set up the first coalescence government. Milyukov and Guchkov (cm. Guchkov Alexander Ivanovich) resigned, depiction government included socialists, and Solon received the portfolio of combatant and naval ministers.
At blue blood the gentry peak of fame and factious career, the family life tactic the Kerenskys broke down. Olga Kerenskaya did not move watch over her husband in the Season Palace, but stayed with disown sons Oleg and Gleb efficient the old apartment. Having engaged a key post in dignity government and introduced his feel sorry for people into it, Kerensky exchanged his attitude towards the battle. Leaving aside differences with representation Allies, he considered it accountable to force Germany into intact negotiations, and for this cue carry out extensive offensive toss one\'s hat in the ring at the front. This protestation of Kerensky caused him neat conflict with the left behind schedule of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Avoid the Third Congress of position Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, reserved in late May - indeed June 1917, Kerensky's candidacy was rejected in the elections lambast the Central Committee of righteousness Party. However, at the Chief All-Russian Congress of Soviets chuck out Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies (June 3 - 24, 1917), be active was nevertheless elected a affiliate of the All-Russian Central Clerical Committee.
In May-June, Kerensky obliged great efforts to strengthen instruction in the army and warships, to increase the combat agreeableness of military units, and come within reach of prepare for the decisive season offensive. He traveled around rendering front-line units in a van, spoke at countless army rallies, trying to inspire soldiers go along with victory by the power discount his oratorical gift. On June 18, the offensive of distinction Russian troops began, which, despite that, quickly ended in complete cessation.
Failures at the front exacerbated the internal political situation. Disagreements on the Ukrainian issue harried to the resignation of Cadets ministers (cm. KADETS (political party)) which followed on 2 July. The next day, armed demonstrations began in Petrograd, organized vulgar the Bolsheviks, who tried there use the crisis to grab hold of power. In the July generation, the Provisional Government managed endure retain power, but on July 7, Prince Lvov resigned streak Kerensky set about forming straight new coalition cabinet of ministers. On July 8, he becomes Prime Minister, retaining the be alert of Minister of War station the Navy. As head delightful state, Kerensky took a publication of measures aimed at stabilize the political situation and fortification state power. He reintroduced position death penalty at the obverse (July 12), replaced the majestic banknotes with new ones, regularly called "kerenok". The formation marketplace a new government proceeded discover great difficulty. On July 21, Kerensky even resigned, but funds intense negotiations with the Cadets on July 24, a in two shakes coalition government was formed. Inveigle July 19, the Prime Manage appointed a new Supreme Commander, the energetic and popular Regular L. G. Kornilov (cm. KORNILOV Lavr Georgievich). At the employ time, the Social Revolutionary Tricky. V. Savinkov became the supervisor of the military ministry. (cm. Savinkov Boris Viktorovich).
But Statesman failed to stop the ripple of the global crisis get the message Russia. The army was decayed before our eyes, the peasants, dressed in soldier's greatcoats, exact not want to fight - they were eager to division the landowners' land home. Probity lower classes of the penetrate were rapidly radicalized, and probity Soviets were saturated with left sentiments. Right-wing, conservative forces were recovering from the February confession. Their leader was General Kornilov, who proposed to militarize factories, factories, railways, to introduce description death penalty in the train, to restore the efficiency direct prestige of the authorities exceed tough measures. Against this credentials, Kerensky's popularity began to go up.
He played a complicated undertaking with Kornilov, trying with sovereign help to maintain control atop of the army. From the start of August, the Supreme C in c asked Kerensky to subordinate influence Petrograd Military District to righteousness headquarters. Kornilov intended to kidney the Petrograd Front, to educate martial law in the head, and to destroy the origin of decay and devastation prep between energetic actions. The transfer operate military units to Petrograd began, primarily Cossacks (cm. COSSACKS) brawny, according to Kornilov, to maintain order in the capital. Whitehead words, agreeing with Kornilov, rank minister-chairman was against the shift of power to the c in c of Petrograd, fearing his uncalled-for strengthening.
But Kornilov was put together going to stop. Under greatness pretext of protecting Petrograd newcomer disabuse of a possible German landing, fair enough moved the Third Cossack Posse of General Krymov to interpretation capital. On the evening signify August 26, at a state meeting, Kerensky qualified the agilities of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief on account of a rebellion. Having granted crisis powers to the Prime Parson, the Provisional Government resigned. Elect eliminate the Kornilov rebellion (cm. KORNILOV REBELLION) Kerensky was embarrassed to resort to the value of the socialist parties, counting the Bolsheviks, the Soviets, give orders to workers' detachments. He ordered belong distribute weapons to the lecturers, to release the arrested Bolsheviks from prisons.
Under the authority of agitators, the Cossacks refused to obey their generals. Newborn August 30, the movement garbage troops to Petrograd had over, General Krymov committed suicide, talented Kornilov was arrested. On Revered 30, Kerensky himself became influence new commander-in-chief. The next short holiday, a temporary state governing item was created - the Mother of parliaments of Five, or Directory (cm. DIRECTORY (in Russia)) headed preschooler Kerensky. On September 1, 1917, a republic was proclaimed loaded Russia, which corresponded to goodness growth of left-wing sentiments middle the masses and was knoll line with the convictions execute Kerensky himself. On September 4, the Prime Minister dissolved prestige military revolutionary committees formed rescind fight the Kornilov region, however this order was not in truth carried out.
After the Kornilov rebellion, Kerensky continued to importune his supra-party line, aimed socialize with consolidating democratic forces and formulation a government coalition of alter socialists and Cadets. But character socialists were distrustful of nobleness Kerensky government, they put build up a program of broad common transformations, the redistribution of plenty, and an end to rank war with Germany. In dignity context of a sharp condition of moods in society, birth growth of confrontation between glory possessing and non-possessing classes, Solon, who occupied centrist positions, was rapidly losing support and potency among the most diverse segments of the population.
Kerensky exhausted to enlist the support do in advance the All-Russian Democratic Conference (cm. DEMOCRATIC MEETING), held September 14-22. However, the majority of glory conference delegates spoke out desecrate a coalition with the Cadets, on which the Prime See to insisted. The Democratic Conference definite that before the convocation expend the Constituent Assembly (cm. Constitutional ASSEMBLY) The provisional government be obliged be accountable to the unsettled backward All-Russian Democratic Council (Pre-Parliament) be told on September 20 (cm. PRE-PARLIAMENT)). Kerensky protested against this get to the bottom of. On September 25, he chary the last, third composition fanatic the coalition government, leaving ultimate the posts of military enthralled naval ministers, and supreme governor. Formally, exclusive powers of ability were concentrated in his custody, but they had less predominant less real significance. The eventuality was constantly worsening due letter the decline in production view inflation, unemployment and discontent middle the urban population grew. Phony attempt to solve food load at the expense of birth surplus caused peasant unrest. Say publicly army has turned into resolve amorphous multi-million mass of angry armed people. The state utensil was idle. The Bolsheviks, relying on the military revolutionary committees and detachments of the Maltreated Guard (cm. RED GUARD) were ready to seize power from end to end of force.
The provisional government was aware of the impending hazard, but underestimated the strength near the Bolsheviks. Not wanting slam be presented as a colonel blimp, Kerensky was opposed to bristly measures aimed at preventing undiluted Bolshevik uprising. The head racket the Provisional Government believed lose concentration at the decisive moment rank majority of the units slant the Petrograd garrison would stay behind loyal to him. In description second half of October, leadership government only passively watched position developments. Only on the gloomy of October 22-23, when primacy Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee began to take direct control weekend away the military units of goodness capital's garrison, did Kerensky conduct for decisive action.
On Oct 24, at a meeting director the Pre-Parliament, the Minister-Chairman proclaimed the beginning of an scenery uprising and demanded that appease be given special powers. Scam response, the meeting adopted on the rocks half-hearted resolution. In the even of the same day, Statesman announced the intention of integrity Provisional Government to resign. No problem spent the day of Oct 25 at the Winter Fortress and at the headquarters bring to an end the Petrograd Military District. Detachments of the Red Guard, wiry by units of the Petrograd garrison and Baltic sailors, captured the most important buildings be useful to the capital. Kerensky could yell organize any resistance and maintain equilibrium Petrograd by car to chance on the troops called from distinction front. In Gatchina, he was almost arrested, but in birth evening of the same dowry he arrived in Pskov, use the headquarters of the Union Front. At this time, say publicly Red Guards captured the Season Palace. The provisional government was overthrown.
The commander of prestige Northern Front, General V. Spick. Cheremisov, refused to withdraw crowd from the front to quell the uprising in St. Campaign and said that he could not vouch for Kerensky's inaccessible safety. But the commander embodiment the Third Cavalry Corps, Slav General P. N. Krasnov, dirty out to be in Pskov (cm. KRASNOV Petr Nikolaevich). Crystal-clear assured Kerensky that the Cossacks subordinate to him were prepared to defend the Provisional Regulation. On the morning of Oct 26, Kerensky and Krasnov were already at the location do in advance the corps, in the seep into of Ostrov. From here say publicly Cossacks began to move repute Petrograd. During the fighting bewildering the outskirts of the top, the Red Guard managed extremity stop the advance of position Cossack corps. Under pressure use ordinary Cossacks, on October 31, the command of the party concluded a truce with probity Bolsheviks. Kerensky was forced shield go into hiding. Thus hovering his tenure at the presidency of state power.
After October
For several more months, the stool pigeon minister-chairman remained in Russia. Sketch the twentieth of November, of course arrived in Novocherkassk, where Popular Kaledin (cm. Kaledin Alexey Maksimovich) organized resistance to the Bolsheviks. But the general refused add up cooperate with Kerensky. The site of 1917 Alexander Fedorovich drained in remote villages near Petrograd and Novgorod. In connection operate the beginning of the gratuitous of the Constituent Assembly (cm. CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY) Kerensky secretly came to Petrograd. He wanted come to an end speak in the Constituent Circle, but after its dissolution fair enough left for Finland. At rectitude end of January, Kerensky joint to Petrograd, and at distinction beginning of May 1918 type moved to Moscow, where flair established contact with the Combining for the Revival of Country. (cm. UNION OF REVIVAL Endorse RUSSIA). Kerensky intended to rejoinder the anti-Soviet rebellion of character Czechoslovak Corps (cm. CZECHOSLOVAK Unit REBELLION), but the leadership receive the Socialist-Revolutionary Party opposed that. The Union for the Reawakening of Russia invited him commerce go abroad to negotiate give up your job the leaders of the Alignment countries. In June 1918, Alexanders Fedorovich emigrated from Russia protected Murmansk.
In Western Europe, Statesman was received by the heads of government of Great Kingdom and France D. Lloyd Martyr (cm. LLOYD GEORGE David) good turn J. Clemenceau (cm. Clemenceau Georges). He did not find unblended common language with them. Grandeur Western allies relied on righteousness reactionary forces of Russia, overexcited by former tsarist generals, vital not on the liberal democrats that Kerensky personified. He flush spoke out condemning the intrusion of the Entente troops pull off Russia.
In emigration, Kerensky windlass himself, in essence, in loneliness. For most Russian emigrants, unquestionable was an odious figure, natty symbol of the beginning recompense the process that led them to the loss of their homeland. Kerensky himself tried simulate continue active political activity. Ready money 1922-1932. he edited the paper "Days", gave sharp anti-Soviet lectures, called on Western Europe give somebody no option but to a crusade against Soviet Empire. In the first years hint emigration, Kerensky visited Great Kingdom, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and from 1922 settled in France, where perform lived until the outbreak bad buy World War II. (cm. Greatness SECOND WORLD WAR). In Town, he entered into a in the second place marriage with a wealthy Indweller woman. In the interwar hour, Kerensky published the journalistic complex The Kornilov Case (1918), Distinction Prelude of Bolshevism (1919), Gatchina (1922), From Afar (1922), Bad luck (1927), The Death of Scope (1934). ), in which earth tried to comprehend the poor of the Russian revolution person in charge its significance for the destiny of the world.
Kerensky freely welcomed the attack of ideology Germany on the USSR, on the other hand later, when it became worry that Hitler was waging excellent war to destroy the Accustom Slavic peoples, he revised reward views. From German-occupied Paris, Solon and his wife left care England, but the British civil service asked him to leave prestige country, motivating this decision accomplice public pro-German statements by blue blood the gentry former Russian prime minister. Joy 1940 Kerensky moved across high-mindedness ocean to the USA. Unwind lived in New York, unrestrained Russian history for many at New York and Businessman Universities. (cm. STANFORD UNIVERSITY). Feature the 1950s-1960s. he worked disrespect the Hoover Institution for Conflict, Revolution, and Peace. In rank 1940-1950s. Kerensky wrote a three-volume "History of Russia", which underground the period from ancient age to the beginning of honourableness 20th century. This work blunt not find a publisher. Owing to the late 1950s Kerensky bogus on the book Russia comic story the Turn of History, which was published in 1965 lecturer widely used by Western elitist then Russian historians.
The chief family of Kerensky all blue blood the gentry years of the Civil Fighting (cm. CIVIL WAR in Russia) spent in Russia. Olga Kerenskaya and her sons were token to leave for Kotlas, whither she lived in poverty cranium oppression until 1921. Then magnanimity Soviet authorities allowed them softsoap emigrate. They settled in depiction UK. Despite the lack execute funds, the sons of Statesman received an engineering education. Oleg became a bridge builder, become peaceful Gleb became a power shrub builder. After living in England for more than twenty majority, they received British citizenship. Tier the post-war years, Kerensky time again visited his sons in England. Oleg Alexandrovich Kerensky (April 16, 1905 - June 25, 1984) became a leading figure incorporate bridge building, under his direction a bridge across the Bosphorus was designed and built, neighbouring Europe and Asia, many bridges in Great Britain and further countries of the world. Sales rep his outstanding services, he was awarded the title of Empress of the British Empire. Abaft his death, in the mid-1980s Every two years, "Kerensky Readings" began to be held - scientific conferences dedicated to class memory of Oleg Kerensky, which bring together the most jutting bridge builders from all carry out the world. The grandson believe A. F. Kerensky - Oleg Olegovich Kerensky (1930-1993) - choreography and theater critic, author all-round the books The World provision Ballet (1970), Anna Pavlova (1973), New British Drama (1977). Dope. O. Kerensky was close snip Rudolf Nureyev (Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich- Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky. Kerensky, Vanquisher Fedorovich Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich (1881-1970), Russian politician. Lawyer, defender examination many political trials, including leadership Bolshevik faction of the Quaternary State ... ... Illustrated Encyclopaedic Dictionary

- (1881 1970), politician. Noteworthy graduated from the Faculty end Law of St. Petersburg College (1904). Since 1909, a advocate of the St. Petersburg Have a shot of Justice, acted as dialect trig defender in a number hold political trials, which brought Infantile. fame. ... ... St. Beleaguering (encyclopedia)

Wikipedia

Wikipedia has articles about subsequent people with that last nickname, see Trepov. Alexander Fedorovich Trepov ... Wikipedia

Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky(April 22 (May 4), 1881, in Simbirsk. Died June 11, 1970, Virgin York) - Russian public spell political figure, Minister-Chairman of rank Provisional Government in July-October 1917; author of memoirs, historical inquiry, compiler and editor of infotainment publications on the history end the Russian revolution.

Thus was blue blood the gentry first part of the cutely conceived strategic plan of "patriotic" reaction carried out brilliantly. Dampen the hands of the Bolsheviks, the Provisional Government was certain and the hated man equitable no longer in power. Flow remained to carry out greatness second, main part - inhibit cope with the Bolsheviks blot three weeks and establish deft healthy, national, and most decidedly, strong power in Russia.

Kerensky Alexanders Fedorovich

Origin. Childhood.

On the paternal reversal, the ancestors of Alexander Statesman come from among the State provincial clergy. His grandfather Mikhail Ivanovich served as a clergywoman in the village of Kerenki in the Gorodishchensky district remove the Penza province since 1830. The surname Kerensky comes bring forth the name of this settlement, although Alexander Fedorovich himself contingent it with the county metropolis of Kerensk in the aforesaid Penza province. The youngest juvenile of Mikhail Ivanovich - Fedor, although he graduated with honors from the Penza Theological Kindergarten, did not become a father, like his older brothers Grigory and Alexander. He received top higher education at the Power of History and Philology be a witness Kazan University and then unskilled Russian literature at Kazan gymnasiums.

In Kazan, F. M. Kerensky hitched Nadezhda Adler, the daughter observe the head of the geographics bureau of the Kazan personnel district. On her paternal setback, N. Adler was a grande dame, and on her mother's biological, she was the granddaughter fair-haired a serf, who, even beforehand the abolition of serfdom, managed to redeem himself to leeway and, subsequently, became a comfortable Moscow merchant. He left rulership granddaughter a considerable fortune. Obtaining risen to the rank forget about collegiate adviser, Fedor Mikhailovich was appointed to Simbirsk, to ethics post of director of a- men's gymnasium and a subservient ancillary school for girls. The ascendant famous pupil of F. Classification. Kerensky was V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin), the son of wreath boss, the director of distinction Simbirsk schools, I. N. Ulyanov. It was F. M. Solon who put the only cardinal (logically) in the certificate mention the gold medalist in 1887, Volodya Ulyanov.

Fate can sometimes wool good at joking.

Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich

The Kerensky and Ulyanov families break through Simbirsk had friendly relations, they had much in common be grateful for terms of lifestyle, position interest society, interests, and origin. Fedor Mikhailovich, after the death illustrate Ilya Nikolaevich, to the outperform of his ability, took almost all in the fate of integrity Ulyanov children. In 1887, aft the arrest and execution hegemony Alexander Ulyanov, he gave say publicly brother of a political dishonorable, Vladimir Ulyanov, a positive citation for entering Kazan University.

In Simbirsk, two sons were born pretend the Kerensky family - Alexanders and Fedor (before them inimitable daughters appeared in Kazan - Nadezhda, Elena, Anna). Sasha, goodness long-awaited son, enjoyed the unshared love of his parents. Reorganization a child, he suffered tb of the femur. After high-mindedness operation, the boy was calculated to spend six months enclosure bed, and then for top-hole long time did not application off his metal, forged rush with a load.

In May 1889, F. M. Kerensky, a come about state councilor, was appointed eminent inspector of schools in excellence Turkestan region and moved tote up Tashkent with his family. According to the Table of Ranks, his rank corresponded to rank rank of major general vital gave the right to inherited nobility. At the same disgust, eight-year-old Sasha began to recite at the Tashkent gymnasium, veer he was a diligent promote successful student. In high faculty, Alexander Kerensky enjoyed the reliable of a well-mannered young gentleman, a skilled dancer, and fine capable actor. He took imprison with pleasure in amateur accomplishment a transactions, playing the role of Khlestakov with special brilliance. In 1899, Sasha Kerensky graduated from glory Tashkent gymnasium with a metallic medal and entered the Talent of History and Philology announcement St. Petersburg University.

The Bolsheviks tip still in power - fill are still alive

Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich

In the capital

In the capital, Vanquisher Kerensky enthusiastically began to bone up on, listened to the lectures close the orientalist B. A. Turaev, went on expeditions to Pskov and Novgorod, led by Academic S. F. Platonov. He upfront not remain aloof from greatness social life of St. Campaign university students, which experienced keep you going upsurge in the first age of the new century. Regular in his gymnasium years, Statesman developed a critical attitude regard the socio-political structure of czaristic Russia. He was fond illustrate political literature, including illegal, esoteric the opportunity to read description forbidden works of Leo Writer, representatives of various revolutionary movements. The closest to him were the views of the Narodniks, the Socialist-Revolutionaries. Marxism turned conscientious to be alien to Solon, he was repelled by probity hypertrophied significance that was confirmed in this doctrine to righteousness class struggle.

Since February 1900, Conqueror Kerensky became an active contributor in student gatherings, and hill his second year he unreservedly blatantly delivered a fiery speech, encouragement students to help the construct in the liberation struggle. That performance could have resulted occupy expulsion from the university, on the other hand Kerensky was saved by rule father's high position. The chaplain of the university decided nip in the bud temporarily isolate Alexander from righteousness metropolitan, radical student environment captain, with his power, sent him on academic leave, to Capital to his parents.

If there difficult been television then [in 1917], no one would have archaic able to defeat me!

Kerensky Vanquisher Fedorovich

The young man, not penniless pleasure, entered the role fall foul of an exiled student, a sufferer of royal despotism. In description eyes of Tashkent peers, Pure. Kerensky was a real man-at-arms for freedom. But his divine managed to convince Alexander stray the political struggle should embryonic postponed until higher education. Regressive to the university, Alexander Statesman continued his studies at decency Faculty of Law. Fulfilling monarch promise to his father, significant did not get close prank revolutionary circles, but was booked in social activities - good taste actively worked in the parliament of the community of Capital students. In his senior majority, Kerensky became close to decency leaders of the Union lady Liberation, an organization of righteousness opposition-minded liberal intelligentsia.

In 1904, Solon successfully graduated from the institute, receiving a diploma of depiction first degree. At the unchanging time, Alexander married Olga Baranovskaya, a student of the Prevailing Women's Courses, daughter of Fame. S. Baranovsky, Colonel of honesty General Staff. The newlyweds debilitated the summer in the townsman of Kainki in the Metropolis province - the estate catch the bride's father, and reciprocal to the capital in dignity fall. A revolution was impending in the country, and appearance November 1904, A.F. Kerensky took part in organizing a feast company, during which the cream of the crop of the Liberation Union callinged for political reforms in Russia.

Could the victory of the Bolsheviks in 1917 have been avoided?
- It could be. Notwithstanding, for this it was compulsory to shoot one person.
- Lenin?
- No, Kerensky.

Kerensky Herb Fedorovich

Political formation

Having abandoned the outlook of making a scientific vitality, Alexander Kerensky began working pass for an assistant to a solicitor at the St. Petersburg Pay suit to of Justice and was known to the St. Petersburg Have a supply of Association. Having witnessed the bloodstained events of January 9, 1905, he became a member a choice of the Committee for Assistance criticize the Victims of the Catastrophe, which was created by interpretation Bar Association. Participating in picture activities of this committee, don by the nature of culminate main work, the young legal adviser had to get acquainted condemnation the living conditions of high-mindedness St. Petersburg proletariat, acquire grand wide circle of acquaintances emphasis the working environment.

The first Country revolution made a radical succeed in in the way of philosophy of many intellectuals. The callow Kerensky was seized with mutineer impatience. His sympathies were inclined to the Socialist Revolutionary Item, he was in close impend with the Socialist-Revolutionaries and took part in editing the Socialist-Revolutionary newspaper Burevestnik. Alexander Kerensky well-kept ties with the terrorist Collective Revolutionaries and even suggested make certain they kill Tsar Nicholas II Alexandrovich. However, the head take in the Combat Organization of integrity Socialist Revolutionary Party, Yevno Azef, rejected the projects and requests of A. Kerensky.

The revolutionary vogue of Kerensky did not chip in unnoticed; in December 1905, explicit was arrested for his joining with the Socialist-Revolutionary fighting band. He was kept in Other. Petersburg Crosses until April 1906, and then, due to leanness of evidence, he was out and sent with his old lady and one-year-old son Oleg beside Tashkent. But already in class autumn of that year, birth Kerenskys returned to the money. In October 1906, Alexander Fedorovich participated in a trial encumber Reval - he defended primacy peasants who plundered the capital of a local baron. That case received wide publicity. Make sure of a successful trial, Kerensky wed the St. Petersburg Association sell like hot cakes Political Advocates.

By that time, picture situation in Russia had stabilized: the revolutionary wave subsided, high-mindedness police and political detectives well pursued radical opponents of distinction tsarist regime. Under these weather, Alexander Kerensky considered it bright to move away from blue blood the gentry underground Socialist-Revolutionaries and join say publicly legally operating Trudoviks. At excellence same time, he headed goodness board of the Turkestan district in St. Petersburg, but principally engaged in the practice trap law, worked as a barrister.

A.F. Kerensky was a staunch dissentient of the monarchy, a protagonist of the establishment of calligraphic democratic republic in Russia, unadulterated profound transformation of all community and economic life on collectivist principles. In this he powerfully linked with the Socialist-Revolutionary Organization. Kerensky considered it necessary round fight against the tsarist rule, including by illegal methods, however he considered it best commandeer himself to remain within rendering limits permitted by law.

Kerensky, spiffy tidy up lawyer, showed himself to joke interested in cases containing civic overtones. In 1910, he became the main defender at grandeur trial of the Turkestan assemblage of socialist revolutionaries accused exert a pull on anti-government armed actions. The technique for the Socialist-Revolutionaries went vigorous, the lawyer managed to preclude the imposition of death sentences. In early 1912, Kerensky participated in the trial of components of the Armenian Dashnaktsutyun bracket together. Together with other capital lawyers, A.F. Kerensky protested against greatness anti-Semitic case of Beilis, enclose connection with which he was sentenced to eight months call a halt prison. Widely known came space him in 1912 in blockade with the Lena massacre. Settle down headed the work of position special commission of the Bag State Duma, created on that occasion. The commission came cross your mind the conclusion that the vital reasons for the strikes endorse the workers of the River gold mines were their want of rights and poverty, dignity arbitrariness of the administration. Homespun on these conclusions, the administration eliminated the monopoly position get on to the Lenzoloto company, the regulation of the mines was efficient, the wages of workers were increased, and measures were charmed to improve their life.

The nickname of Alexander Kerensky, the survive he enjoyed among the bountiful intelligentsia, allowed him in 1912 to successfully run for deputation of the Fourth State Duma on the list of influence Labor Group from the encumbrance of Volsk, Saratov province. Descent the same year, 1912, fair enough was admitted to the Brother Lodge "Great East of illustriousness Peoples of Russia". From 1916 to February 1917, Kerensky was the secretary of this cabin, was a member of righteousness Duma Masonic lodge, and was a member of the Unexcelled Council of Masons of Russia.

Duma deputy

In the Duma, Alexander Statesman made critical speeches against honesty government and gained fame reorganization one of the best orators of the left factions. Unwind openly declared from the Duma rostrum that the revolution recapitulate the only method and pitch of saving the Russian asseverate. This phrase aroused the rage of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, who convinced Nicholas II that say publicly glib orator should be even for such speeches. Kerensky was a member of the dismantle commission of the State Duma and constantly took part border line debates on budgetary issues.

At probity beginning of the First Universe War, Alexander Kerensky signed decency pacifist declaration of the Socialist faction of the State Duma, but then switched to blue blood the gentry position of the defencists, believing that Russia's defeat in prestige war threatened her with say publicly loss of economic independence obtain international isolation. Kerensky considered authorize necessary to mobilize all illustriousness social and economic forces signal Russia to fight against Frg. At the same time, Vanquisher recommended that the government as well change its policy: conduct span general political amnesty, restore say publicly constitution of Finland, grant self-reliance to Poland, expand the contend of religious and national minorities, including Jews, and stop glory persecution of workers and planed organizations.

A. F. Kerensky made dinky lot of efforts to enfold the opposition forces of picture populist persuasion. In the summertime of 1915, he set fear preparing the All-Russian Congress vacation Socialist-Revolutionaries, Trudoviks and People's Socialists. To this end, Kerensky voyage around the Volga region ray southern Russia. But he abortive to bring the matter support an end: kidney disease butt him in a hospital negligent for six months. After unmixed successful operation, he returned take home active political activity.

In 1916, soak order of the Chairman reproach the Council of Ministers Touchy. V. Stürmer, mobilization of Cardinal thousand local natives for provoke work began in Turkestan. Anterior to that, according to rendering laws of the Russian Monarchy, the native population was plead for subject to conscription into goodness army. The general dissatisfaction clang the mobilization was exacerbated beside the abuses of the community administration and led to mutinies in which thousands of Russians and local residents suffered. Be against investigate the events, the Build in Duma created a commission consisting of A.F. Kerensky, K. Tevkelev and M. Chokaev. Having high-sounding the events on the blot, Kerensky, recognizing the instigating duty of German and Turkish agents, laid the blame for what had happened on the czaristic government, accused the Minister behove the Interior of exceeding dominion powers, and demanded that abominable local officials be brought turn into trial. Such speeches created demand Alexander Kerensky the image draw round an uncompromising exposer of say publicly vices of the tsarist circumstances, brought popularity among liberals, regular reputation as one of loftiness leaders of the Duma opposition.

February to October

Alexander Kerensky accepted decency February revolution enthusiastically and circumvent the first days was address list active participant in it. Funding the session of the Duma was interrupted at midnight blame February 26-27, 1917 by bill of Nicholas II, Kerensky, doubtful the Council of Elders refreshing the Duma on February 27, urged not to obey high-mindedness tsar's will. On the dress day, he became a associate of the Provisional Committee decompose the State Duma formed next to the Council of Elders discipline a member of the Bellicose Commission, which led the exploits of the revolutionary forces antipathetic the police. In the Feb days, Alexander Kerensky repeatedly beam to the insurgent soldiers, standard from them the arrested ministers of the tsarist government, normal money and secret papers confiscated from the ministries. Under rectitude leadership of Kerensky, the guards of the Tauride Palace were replaced by detachments of subverter soldiers, sailors and workers.

With position direct participation of Kerensky, position future of Russia was map. A staunch Republican, he beholden every effort to overthrow excellence monarchy. Under his direct strength, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich unmistakable on March 3 to take back his rights to the Indigen crown. Decisiveness, purposefulness, revolutionary grandiloquence of Kerensky won him profusion and authority both among goodness masses of workers and joe public, and in the Duma atmosphere, where the Provisional Government was being formed. In the chief days of the revolution, Herb Kerensky became a deputy nominate the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, at rank first meeting of which way of thinking the evening of February 27, 1917, he was elected Pal (Deputy) Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. At the same again and again, the Provisional Committee of say publicly State Duma offered him rectitude post of Minister of Fair-mindedness in the Provisional Government. Worth March 2, Kerensky accepted that proposal, although the day earlier the Petrograd Soviet had adoptive a resolution not to move in the Provisional Government. Harden the evening of March 2, Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet for permission to set down the government, solemnly promising let fall protect the rights of righteousness working people.

After becoming a path, Alexander Kerensky settled in grandeur Winter Palace. He tried come together maintain the reputation of honesty people's minister, ordered to brush away from his office not expensive furniture and luxury the poop indeed, but even curtains. For speeches in the Petrograd Soviet, high-mindedness minister dressed in a unsighted work jacket with a impulse collar, and in front exert a pull on the masses of soldiers soil dressed in a khaki force jacket. But Kerensky's main horn card was his outstanding magniloquent skills. He was not worried to speak in front constantly an audience of thousands suggest willingly went to rallies stray stirred up revolutionary Petrograd. Culminate improvisational speeches, saturated with affections and some hysteria, fascinated greatness listeners. The popularity and factious weight of Alexander Kerensky grew rapidly.

The revolutionary Minister of Frankness initiated such decisions of decency Provisional Government as an excuse for political prisoners, the publication of freedom of speech, company, the press, the activities admit political parties, the abolition medium national and religious restrictions, integrity recognition of Poland's independence, bid the restoration of the Suomi constitution. Kerensky personally ordered honesty release of the Bolshevik delegates of the Fourth State Duma from exile. From the chief days of his tenure pass for minister, Alexander Kerensky began impersonal reform. On March 3, 1917, the institute of magistrates was reorganized - local courts began to be formed from two members: a judge and shine unsteadily assessors. The next day, leadership Supreme Criminal Court, the for all presence of the Government Parliament, the judicial chambers and partition courts with the participation foothold class representatives were abolished. Assail March 17, 1917, the inattentive penalty for criminal offenses was abolished in Russia.

In March 1917, with the beginning of interpretation legal activity of previously illegal political parties, A.F. Kerensky one the Socialist Revolutionary Party, suitable one of the most projecting members of this party. Timely the Provisional Government, Kerensky took an active, offensive position, scold, according to his contemporaries, all suppressed the initiative of glory Prime Minister, Prince G. Line. Lvov, with his energy. Survive for Kerensky was provided brush aside A. I. Konovalov, N. Completely. Nekrasov, M. I. Tereshchenko, adjacent with him by Masonic the system. Kerensky took an ambivalent disposal with regard to the combat. He recognized that hostilities have to be continued, but believed guarantee Russia could fight only providing the Entente reconsidered the goals of the war, renouncing annexations and indemnities. In April 1917, Foreign Minister P. N. Milyukov publicly assured the Allied Reason that Russia would unconditionally hang on the war to a 1 end. This step caused splendid crisis in the Provisional Rule. On April 24, Alexander Solon threatened to leave the authority and the Soviets go turnoff opposition if Milyukov was beg for removed from his post, unacceptable the government was not replenished with representatives of the bolshevik parties - Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, current Popular Socialists. On May 5, 1917, Prince Lvov was unnatural to fulfill this demand have a word with set up the first fusion government. Milyukov and Guchkov long-suffering, socialists entered the government, favour Kerensky received the portfolio capture military and naval ministers.

At goodness peak of fame and state career, the family life acquire the Kerenskys broke down. Olga Kerenskaya and her husband outspoken not go to the Season Palace, but stayed with their sons Oleg and Gleb shrub border an old apartment on Tverskaya Street. Having taken a cardinal post in the government mushroom introduced his like-minded people turnoff it, Alexander Kerensky changed empress attitude towards the war. Dying aside differences with the Coalition, he considered it necessary walkout force Germany into peace businesswoman, and for this to convey out extensive offensive operations smack of the front. This position disregard Kerensky caused him a disorder with the left wing decay the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. At representation Third Congress of the Organization of Socialist Revolutionaries, held crate late May - early June 1917, Kerensky's candidacy was unwanted in the elections to goodness Central Committee of the Come together. However, at the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies (June 3-24, 1917), A. Kerensky was however elected a member of position All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

In May-June, Alexander Kerensky made great efforts to strengthen discipline in excellence army and navy, to upgrading the combat capability of bellicose units, and to prepare championing the decisive summer offensive. Closure traveled around the front-line extras in a car, spoke fob watch countless army rallies, trying shield inspire soldiers to victory do without the power of his silver-tongued gift. On June 18, birth offensive of the Russian fort began, which, however, quickly completed in complete failure.

Failures at class front exacerbated the internal public situation. Differences over the Slavic question led to the giving up of the Kadet ministers, which followed on 2 July. Authority next day, armed demonstrations began in Petrograd, organized by nobleness Bolsheviks, who tried to active the crisis to seize spirit. In the July days, loftiness Provisional Government managed to hold power, but on July 7, Prince Lvov resigned and Statesman undertook to form a newborn coalition cabinet of ministers.

July 8 Alexander Kerensky becomes Prime Track, retaining the post of Parson of War and Navy. Acceptable head of state, Kerensky took a number of measures respect at stabilizing the political struggling and strengthening state power. Soil reintroduced the death penalty mine the front (July 12), replaced the royal banknotes with in mint condition ones, popularly called kerenok. Representation formation of a new reach a decision proceeded with great difficulty. Patronage July 21, Kerensky even hopeless, but nevertheless, after tense relations with the Cadets, on July 24, 1917, the second coalescence government was formed. On July 19, the Prime Minister prescribed a new Supreme Commander, birth energetic and popular General Lavr Kornilov. At the same put on ice, the Socialist-Revolutionary Boris Savinkov became the manager of the soldierly ministry.

But Kerensky failed to decrease the wave of the inexhaustible crisis in Russia. The armed force was decomposing before our discernment, the peasants, dressed in soldier's greatcoats, did not want make a victim of fight - they were earnest to divide the landowners' disarray home. The lower classes resolve the city were rapidly radicalized, and the Soviets were moistened with leftist sentiments. Right-wing, rightist forces were recovering from significance February shock. Their leader was General Kornilov, who proposed fall prey to militarize factories, factories, railways, vision introduce the death penalty take away the rear, to restore honesty efficiency and prestige of ethics authorities by tough measures. Overwhelm this background, the popularity depict Alexander Kerensky began to fade.

Kerensky played a complicated game acquiesce Kornilov, trying with his accepting to maintain control over influence army. From the beginning run through August, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief freely Kerensky to subordinate the Petrograd Military District to the place. Kornilov intended to form loftiness Petrograd Front, to introduce pugnacious law in the capital, stomach to destroy the source holiday decay and devastation by brisk actions. The transfer of bellicose units to Petrograd began, mainly Cossacks, who, according to Kornilov, were capable of restoring attach in the capital. In give reasons for, agreeing with Kornilov, the minister-chairman was against the transfer remark power to the commander-in-chief recompense Petrograd, fearing his excessive strengthening.

But Kornilov was not going let down stop. Under the pretext invoke protecting Petrograd from a credible German landing, he moved prestige Third Cossack Corps of Universal Krymov to the capital. Take industrial action the evening of August 26, at a government meeting, Solon qualified the actions of glory Supreme Commander-in-Chief as a uprising. Having granted emergency powers tip off the Prime Minister, the Temporary Government resigned. To eliminate integrity Kornilov rebellion, Alexander Kerensky was forced to resort to authority help of the socialist parties, including the Bolsheviks, the State, and workers' detachments. He seamless to distribute weapons to distinction workers, to release the block Bolsheviks from prisons.

Under the faculty of agitators, the Cossacks refused to obey their generals. Jam August 30, the movement commentary troops to Petrograd had refined, General Krymov committed suicide, stomach Kornilov was arrested. On Revered 30, he himself became magnanimity new commander-in-chief A. F. Kerensky. The next day, a stand-in state governing body was actualized - the Council of Quintuplet or the Directory, which was headed by Alexander Kerensky. Indulgence September 1, 1917, a kingdom was proclaimed in Russia, which corresponded to the growth racket left-wing sentiments among the general public and corresponded to the ideology of Kerensky himself. On Sep 4, the Prime Minister dissolved the military revolutionary committees ditch had been formed to match the Kornilov region, but guaranteed reality this order was weep carried out.

After the Kornilov revolution, Kerensky continued to pursue consummate supra-party line, aimed at joining democratic forces and forming calligraphic government coalition of moderate socialists and Cadets. But the socialists were distrustful of the Statesman government, they put forward unadulterated program of broad social transformations, the redistribution of property, limit an end to the conflict with Germany. In the occasion of a sharp polarization star as moods in society, the advent of confrontation between the controlling and non-possessing classes, Kerensky, who occupied centrist positions, was like a shot losing support and authority in the midst the most diverse segments end the population.

Alexander Kerensky tried restrict enlist the support of ethics All-Russian Democratic Conference, which took place on September 14-22. Notwithstanding, the majority of the debate delegates spoke out against clean up coalition with the Cadets, provoke which the Prime Minister insisted. The Democratic Conference decided range until the convocation of rectitude Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Authority should be accountable to nobility Provisional All-Russian Democratic Council (Pre-Parliament) formed on September 20. Solon protested against this decision.

On Sep 25, Kerensky formed the carry on, third composition of the alliance government, leaving behind the posts of military and naval ministers, and supreme commander. Formally, concentrated powers of authority were accumulated in his hands, but they had less and less aggressive significance. The situation was all the time worsening due to the dwindle in production and inflation, dismissal and discontent among the citified population grew. An attempt intelligence solve food problems at nobleness expense of the surplus caused peasant unrest. The army has turned into an amorphous multi-million mass of embittered armed recurrent. The state apparatus was stationary. The Bolsheviks, relying on soldierly revolutionary committees and detachments a range of the Red Guard, were variety to seize power by force.

The provisional government was aware govern the impending danger, but overgrown disregarded the strength of the Bolsheviks. Not wanting to be suave as a counter-revolutionary, Alexander Statesman was opposed to harsh briefing aimed at preventing a Pinko uprising. The head of justness Provisional Government believed that pleasing the decisive moment the licence of the units of class Petrograd garrison would remain patriotic to him. In the subsequent half of October, the create only passively watched the developments. Only on the night be taken in by October 22-23, when the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee began bump take direct control of birth military units of the capital's garrison, did Kerensky call verify decisive action.

On October 24, mass a meeting of the Pre-Parliament, the Minister-Chairman announced the outset of an armed uprising captain demanded that he be liable special powers. In response, leadership meeting adopted a half-hearted rig. In the evening of interpretation same day, Alexander Kerensky declared the intention of the Conjectural Government to resign. He prostrate the day of October 25 at the Winter Palace captivated at the headquarters of loftiness Petrograd Military District. Detachments become aware of the Red Guard, supported stomach-turning units of the Petrograd detachment and Baltic sailors, captured righteousness most important buildings of integrity capital. Kerensky could not messily any resistance and left Petrograd by car to meet description troops called from the principal. In Gatchina, he was bordering on arrested, but in the dimness of the same day closure arrived in Pskov, at rectitude headquarters of the Northern Vanguard. At this time, the Slow to catch on Guards captured the Winter Fastness. The provisional government was overthrown.

The commander of the Northern Leadership, General V. A. Cheremisov, refused to withdraw troops from interpretation front to suppress the revolt in St. Petersburg and put into words that he could not confirm for the personal safety outline Alexander Kerensky. But the commandant of the Third Cavalry Squad, Cossack General Pyotr Nikolaevich Krasnov, turned out to be shore Pskov. He assured Kerensky delay the Cossacks subordinate to him were ready to defend distinction Provisional Government. On the period of October 26, Kerensky settle down Krasnov were already at excellence location of the corps, worry the city of Ostrov. Vary here the Cossacks began put aside move towards Petrograd. During honesty fighting on the outskirts familiar the capital, the Red Resting managed to stop the approach of the Cossack corps. Out of the sun pressure from ordinary Cossacks, load October 31, the command eliminate the corps concluded a letup with the Bolsheviks. Kerensky was forced to go into lashing. Thus ended his tenure rot the helm of state power.

After October

For several more months, depiction former minister-chairman remained in Land. In the twentieth of Nov, Alexander Kerensky arrived in Novocherkassk, where General Kaledin was configuration resistance to the Bolsheviks. Nevertheless the general refused to work together with Kerensky. The end use your indicators 1917, Alexander Fedorovich spent dull remote villages near Petrograd skull Novgorod. In connection with justness beginning of the work some the Constituent Assembly, Kerensky confidentially came to Petrograd. He desired to speak in the Constitutional Assembly, but after its breaking down he left for Finland. Excite the end of January, Statesman returned to Petrograd, and outer shell early May 1918 he phony to Moscow, where he measure contact with the Union emancipation the Revival of Russia. Solon intended to join the anti-Soviet rebellion of the Czechoslovak Squad, but this was opposed newborn the leadership of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. The Union for leadership Revival of Russia invited him to go abroad to borrow with the leaders of representation Entente countries. In June 1918, Alexander Fedorovich emigrated from Land through Murmansk.

In Western Europe, Vanquisher Kerensky was received by illustriousness heads of government of Full amount Britain and France, David Player George and Georges Clemenceau. Smartness did not find a usual language with them. The Adventure allies relied on the rightwing forces of Russia, led prep between former tsarist generals, and yell on the liberal democrats defer Kerensky personified. He even crosspiece out condemning the intervention tactic the Entente troops in Russia.

Alexander Kerensky ended up in exile essentially in isolation. For domineering Russian emigrants, he was stop up odious figure, a symbol reveal the beginning of the condition that led them to honourableness loss of their homeland. Statesman himself tried to continue willful political activity. From 1922 denomination 1932 he edited the repayment "Days", gave sharp anti-Soviet lectures, called on Western Europe collision a crusade against Soviet Ussr. In the early years be partial to emigration, Kerensky traveled to Textbook Britain, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and expend 1922 he settled in Writer, where he lived until justness outbreak of World War II. In Paris, he entered disruption a second marriage with fine wealthy Australian woman. In distinction interwar period, A.F. Kerensky publicized the journalistic works “The Kornilov Case” (1918), “The Prelude longawaited Bolshevism” (1919), “Gatchina” (1922), “From Afar” (1922), “Catastrophe” (1927), “Death Freedom” (1934), in which unquestionable tried to comprehend the meagre of the Russian revolution predominant its significance for the destiny of the world.

Alexander Kerensky straightforwardly welcomed the attack of fascistic Germany on the USSR, on the contrary later, when it became lucent that Hitler was waging shipshape and bristol fashion war to destroy the Chow down Slavic peoples, he revised sovereignty views. From German-occupied Paris, Solon and his wife left reserve Great Britain, but the Brits authorities asked him to call off the country, motivating this resolving with public pro-German statements gross the former Russian prime way. In 1940, A.F. Kerensky stirred across the ocean to position USA. He lived in Newfound York and taught Russian representation for many years at Novel York and Stanford Universities. Be glad about the 1950s and 1960s, proceed worked at the Hoover Establishing for War, Revolution, and Intact. In the 1940s and Decennary, Kerensky wrote a three-volume Legend of Russia, which covered decency period from ancient times be a consequence the beginning of the Twentieth century. This work did gather together find a publisher. From representation late 1950s, Alexander Kerensky la-di-da orlah-di-dah on the book Russia sought-after the Turn of History, which was published in 1965 title widely used by Western dominant then Russian historians.

The first parentage of A.F. Kerensky spent grow weaker the years of the Laic War in Russia. Olga Kerenskaya and her sons were difficult to leave for Kotlas, whirl location she lived in poverty settle down oppression until 1921. The State authorities then allowed them cue emigrate. They settled in rank UK. Despite the lack lecture funds, the sons of Statesman received an engineering education. Oleg became a bridge builder, duct Gleb became a power job builder. After living in England for more than twenty period, they received British citizenship. Limit the postwar years, A.F. Statesman repeatedly visited his sons make out England. Oleg Alexandrovich Kerensky (April 16, 1905 - June 25, 1984) became a leading configuration in bridge building, under tiara leadership a bridge across rendering Bosphorus was designed and appearance, connecting Europe and Asia, myriad bridges in Great Britain alight other countries of the area. For his outstanding services, Lowdown. A. Kerensky was awarded leadership title of Commander of nobleness British Empire. After his eliminate, since the mid-1980s, “Keren Readings” began to be held every so often two years - scientific conferences dedicated to the memory reveal Oleg Kerensky, which bring unintelligent the most prominent bridge builders from all over the false. The grandson of A. Oppressor. Kerensky - Oleg Olegovich Statesman (1930-1993) - ballet and ephemeral critic, author of the books The World of Ballet (1970), Anna Pavlova (1973), New Country Drama (1977). O. O. Solon was close to Rudolf Dancer. Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky himself dreary at the age of xc and was buried in Writer. M. Y. Thessaloniki

Speaking of Solon, one involuntarily recalls another first name - Lenin. The fates register these completely different provincial literati are connected by a cabbalistic thread. They really were intrinsic on the same day, instructions the same city - Simbirsk, only Kerensky was eleven maturity later. They really went chance on the same high school. Representation director of the gymnasium was Fyodor Mikhailovich Kerensky, the ecclesiastic of the future prime ecclesiastic. In general, the Kerensky race twice had the opportunity give out curb the violent nature magnetize Vladimir Ulyanov.

When Alexander Ulyanov attempted to assassinate the tsar, character authorities demanded that his former brother be removed from institution. Kerensky Sr. refused. The erelong time Kerensky Jr. (having in and out of that time managed to fashion a career as a member of the bar and join the Trudovik Party) met Ulyanov thirty years next, and not in the corridors of the Simbirsk district gym, but on the sidelines register the capital's political elite. Before you know it Kerensky became the prime revivalist of the Provisional Government, at an earlier time Vladimir Ulyanov became the head of a still underground however rapidly gaining weight political settlement. Almost half a century ulterior, in 1955, Kerensky was asked: "Why didn't you shoot Bolshevist, after all, then you confidential power in your hands?" "I didn't consider him an visible figure," the former prime track replied.

Biography

Childhood, education, upbringing, origin

On honourableness paternal side, the ancestors a few Alexander Kerensky come from amidst the Russian provincial clergy. Emperor grandfather Mikhail Ivanovich served importation a priest in the adjoining of Kerenki in the Gorodishchensky district of the Penza nonstop since 1830. The surname Solon comes from the name manage this village, although Alexander Fedorovich himself associated it with rank county town of Kerensk fall to pieces the same Penza province.

The youngest son of Mikhail Ivanovich - Fedor, although he graduated explore honors from the Penza Divine Seminary, did not become straighten up priest, like his older brothers Grigory and Alexander. He customary his higher education at high-mindedness Faculty of History and Humanities of Kazan University and redouble taught Russian literature at Metropolis gymnasiums.

The Kerensky and Ulyanov families in Simbirsk had friendly intercourse, they had much in usual in their way of take a crack at, position in society, interests, gift origin. Fedor Mikhailovich, after Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov died, to position best of his ability, unquestionable took part in the caution of the Ulyanov children. Effect 1887, after Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov was arrested and executed, subside gave the brother of orderly political criminal, Vladimir Ulyanov, unadorned positive reference for entering Metropolis University.

Appearance and character

Alexander Kerensky was remembered as an extremely unmanageable, intractable person. He was germ, able to clearly formulate king thoughts, but he lacked relation. Although he had an peerless education, he lacked the appreciation of all secular manners.

Kerensky was not distinguished by good uneven, but this did not ring him from living to 89 years old.

Outwardly, Alexander could put in writing called handsome: tall, black-haired, submit large, clear features. His joyful were dark - brown, Kerensky's nose was "eagle", slightly splurge. He was somewhat thin, on the other hand with age he became excellence owner of a dense figure.

Political career

A. F. Kerensky. Second fifty per cent of 1917

He participated in honesty committee, created by the Stop Association, to help the dupes on January 9, 1905. By reason of October, Kerensky has been poetry for the revolutionary socialist ormation Burevestnik, which the Organization deserve an Armed Insurrection began add up to publish. " Burevestnik" Became reminder of the first victims matching police repression - the orbit of the eighth (according launch an attack other sources - the ninth) issue was confiscated. On Dec 21, a search was waste out in Kerensky's apartment, amid which leaflets of the "Organization of an armed uprising" accept a revolver intended for protection were found. As a produce an effect of the search, an nick warrant was signed on excise of belonging to the combat squad of the Socialist-Revolutionaries. Statesman was in pre-trial detention border line Kresty until April 5, 1906, and then, due to dearth of evidence, was released beginning deported with his wife prosperous one-year-old son Oleg to Capital. In September 1906 he complementary to Petersburg.

I received an implication to become a Freemason amuse 1912, immediately after my preference to the Fourth Duma. Pinpoint serious consideration, I came expect the conclusion that my burn away goals coincided with the goals of society, and I conventional this offer. It should wool emphasized that the society Comical joined was not an expected Masonic organization. First of boxing match, it was unusual that rank society severed all ties expound foreign organizations and allowed squad into its ranks. Further, depiction complex ritual and the Brother degree system were abolished; matchless an indispensable internal discipline was preserved, which guaranteed the big moral character of the people and their ability to have a secret. No written registers were kept, no lists nominate lodge members were made. That maintenance of secrecy did snivel leak information about the goals and structure of society. During the time that I studied the circulars light the Police Department, I sincere not find in them humble data on the existence publicize our society, even in those two circulars that concern step personally.

Kerensky A.F. Russia at rank historical turn. Memoirs. M., 1993. S. 62-63.

After the session complete the Duma was interrupted be equal midnight from February 26 on hand 27, 1917 by decree model Nicholas II, Kerensky, at rendering Council of Elders of dignity Duma on February 27, urged not to obey the tsar's will. On the same light of day, he became a member shambles the Provisional Committee of depiction State Duma formed by honourableness Council of Elders and a- member of the Military Sleep, which led the actions preceding the revolutionary forces against influence police. During the February period, Kerensky repeatedly spoke to honesty insurgent soldiers, received from them the arrested ministers of honourableness tsarist government, received money avoid secret papers confiscated from illustriousness ministries. Under the leadership appropriate Kerensky, the guards of representation Tauride Palace were replaced prep between detachments of insurgent soldiers, sailors and workers.

During the February Gyration, Kerensky joins the Socialist-Revolutionary Challenging, takes part in the snitch of the revolutionary Provisional Conclave of the State Duma. Unpleasant incident March 3, as part illustrate the Duma delegation, he contributes to the renunciation of capacity by Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich.

As a result of the Feb Revolution, Kerensky finds himself again in two opposing bodies funding power: in the first design of the Provisional Government thanks to Minister of Justice, and disclose the first composition of magnanimity Petrograd Soviet as Comrade (Deputy) Chairman.

Minister of Justice

War and Maritime Minister

As Minister of War, Statesman made great efforts to dismayed the offensive of the Land army in June. Kerensky tour around the front-line units, support at numerous rallies, trying nominate inspire the troops, after which he received the nickname "chief-persuader." However, the army was by then seriously weakened by the post-revolutionary purges of generals and magnanimity creation of soldiers' committees ( see Democratization of the legions in Russia in 1917). Confidence June 18, the offensive censure the Russian troops began, which, however, quickly ended in fold down failure. According to some assumptions, it was this shameful pull out in the war that served as the main reason awaken the overthrow of the Pro tem Government.

"March" hysteria around Kerensky

The ridge of Kerensky's popularity begins manage his appointment as Minister accord War after the April turning-point. Newspapers refer to Kerensky elation such expressions: "knight of prestige revolution", "lion heart", "first adore of the revolution", "people's tribune", "genius of Russian freedom", "sun of Russia's freedom", "people's leader", "savior of the Fatherland", "prophet and hero of the revolution", "good genius of the State revolution", "the first people's c in c in chief", etc. Contemporaries separate the "March" hysteria around grandeur personality of Kerensky in excellence following terms:

Kerensky's path is ticklish, but his car is entwined with roses. Women throw him lilies of the valley coupled with lilac branches, others take these flowers from his hands with the addition of divide them among themselves significance talismans and amulets.<…>He is control in his arms. And Wild myself saw how a teenaged man with enthusiastic eyes prayerfully reached for the sleeve take in his dress, just to raw. So they are drawn secure the source of life stall light!<…>Kerensky is a symbol nigh on truth, it is the latchkey to success; Kerensky is dump beacon, that beacon to which the hands of swimmers who have lost their strength bite the dust out, and from his suggest, from his words and appeals, they receive an influx accomplish new and new forces recognize the value of a difficult struggle.

In May 1917, the Petrograd newspapers were still seriously considering the establishment healthy the Fund named after goodness Friend of Mankind A.F. Kerensky.

Kerensky tries to maintain an spartan image of a "people's leader" by wearing a paramilitary covering and a short haircut.

As regular young man, Kerensky considered keen career as an opera songstress, and even took acting drill. Nabokov V. D. describes sovereignty performances in the following way: ““I say, comrades, with dexterous my heart ... from rendering depths of my heart, lecture if you need to invalidate it ... if you don’t trust me ... I’m away there, before your eyes ... I’m ready to die ...“. Carried away, he illustrated grandeur "readiness to die" with disentangle unexpected, desperate gesture. Already intensity his old age, Kerensky tape with regret that "if adjacent to had been television then, clumsy one would have been fattening to defeat me!" Kerensky manages to “charm” even the deposed tsar: in July, Nikolai writes in his diary about Statesman “This man is positively unsubtle his place at the be included moment; the more power unquestionable has, the better."

The failure obey Kerensky's first major political endeavour, the June offensive of 1917, was the first noticeable ad lib to his popularity. Continuing worthless problems, the failure of glory surplus appropriation policy initiated outdo the tsarist government at interpretation end of 1916, the in fashion collapse of the army look the field are increasingly decrying Kerensky.

As minister of the Tentative Government, Kerensky moved to greatness Winter Palace. Over time, rumors appear in Petrograd that significant allegedly sleeps on the badger bed of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and Alexander Kerensky himself begins to be ironically called "Alexander IV" (the last Russian tzar with the name Alexander was Alexander III). The Soviet lyrist Mayakovsky satirizes the life all-round former barrister Kerensky in magnanimity palace:

Chairman of the Provisional Government

A. Kerensky in the 20s

From July 8 (21) A.F. Kerensky replaced Georgy Lvov as Minister-Chairman, hold on to the post of Minister carryon War and Navy. Kerensky timetested to reach an agreement refining the support of the management by the bourgeois and prudent socialist parties. On July 12, the death penalty was uncharted at the front. New cash were issued, called "kerenki". Site July 19, Kerensky appointed well-organized new Supreme Commander-in-Chief of decency General Staff, Infantry General Lavr Georgievich Kornilov. In August, Kornilov, with the support of Generals Krymov, Denikin and some residuum, refused Kerensky (after the latter's provocation with Lvov's mission) clobber stop the troops moving canon Petrograd on the orders beat somebody to it the Provisional Government and gather Kerensky's knowledge. As a suspension of the actions of agitators, Krymov's troops in his hope (a trip to Petrograd slam see Kerensky) were propagated instruct stopped on the outskirts be frightened of Petrograd. Kornilov, Denikin and several other generals were arrested.

Kerensky move the Kornilov rebellion (the disappointing of view of the Kornilovites)

A.F. Kerensky, who had effectively second class government power in his toil, found himself in a tough position during the Kornilov discourse. He understood that only excellence harsh measures proposed by L.G. Kornilov, they could still keep the economy from collapse, integrity army from anarchy, free blue blood the gentry Provisional Government from Soviet reliance and, in the end, origin internal order in the country. But A.F. Kerensky also understood saunter with the establishment of straight military dictatorship, he would wrap up all the fullness of ruler power. He did not wish for to give it up readily even for the good entrap Russia. This was joined moisten personal antipathy between the Minister-Chairman A.F. Kerensky and commander-in-chief Common L.G. Kornilov, they did scream hesitate to express their bob towards each other.

On August 26, 1917, State Duma deputy V.N. Lvov handed over to primacy Prime Minister the various wishes in terms of increasing ambiguity. Kerensky takes advantage of that interference situation for his allow purposes and commits a instigation in order to denigrate glory Supreme Commander in the foresight of the public and as follows eliminate the threat to top personal (Kerensky's) power.

“It was necessary,” says Kerensky, “to prove instantaneously the formal connection between Lvov and Kornilov so clearly digress the Provisional Government was honest to take decisive measures wander very evening ... by forcing Lvov to repeat his full conversation with me in magnanimity presence of a third person.” For this purpose, assistant chief not later than police Bulavinsky was invited, whom Kerensky hid behind a drape in his office during Lvov's second visit. Bulavinsky testifies turn this way the note was read chew out Lvov and the latter chronic its contents, but to authority question "what were the cause and motives that forced Prevailing Kornilov to demand that Statesman and Savinkov come to Headquarters," he did not give differentiation answer. Lvov categorically denies Kerensky's repel. He says: " Kornilov sincere not present me with low-class ultimatum demand. We had trim simple conversation during which indefinite wishes were discussed in language of strengthening power. I spoken these wishes to Kerensky. Farcical did not and could mass present any ultimatum demand (to him), but he demanded renounce I put my thoughts report paper. I did it, tolerate he arrested me. I frank not even have time run alongside read the paper I challenging written, when he, Kerensky, rip it from me and set it in my pocket.

On righteousness evening of August 26, 1917, at a government meeting, Solon qualified the actions of honourableness Supreme Commander-in-Chief as a insurrection. Having granted emergency powers be in total the Prime Minister, the Experimental Government resigned. On August 27, Kerensky declared General Kornilov cool rebel and the whole country:

On August 27, Kerensky told depiction country about the uprising concede the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and loftiness message of the Minister-Chairman began with the following phrase: through the fact that he choice, at his own discretion, cover up a new government to rule the country. Subsequently, Kerensky, the trilogy of Savinkov, Avksentiev and Skobelev, the Petrograd Duma headed coarse A. A. Isaev and Schreider, and the Soviets began resting on take measures to stop rank movement of Krymov’s troops ...

Kerensky is trying to appoint unadulterated new Supreme Commander, but both generals - Lukomsky and Klembovsky - refuse, and the regulate of them, in response serve an offer to take nobleness post of Supreme Commander, overtly accuses Kerensky of provocation.

General Kornilov comes to the conclusion that...

(From the testimony of General Kornilov subsequently to the commission walk up to inquiry.)

... and decides not end obey and not to concede the post of Supreme Commander.

Offended by the lies that began to come from various polity appeals from Petrograd, as famously as their unworthy external particle, General Kornilov, for his wear away, responds with a series remove ardent appeals to the grey, people, Cossacks, in which take steps describes the course of exploits and the provocation of righteousness Chairman of the Government.

On Lordly 28, General Kornilov refuses Kerensky's demand to stop the add to to Petrograd, sent there rough decision of the Provisional Deliver a verdict and with the consent blame the Kerensky Corps, General Krymov. This corps was sent calculate the capital by the State with the aim of in the end (after the suppression of magnanimity July rebellion) to put modification end to the Bolsheviks gleam take control of the setting in the capital:

(Savinkov. "On rendering case of Kornilov.")

As a produce an effect, General Kornilov, seeing the brim-full depth of Kerensky's provocation determined against him, with the incrimination of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief line of attack treason and the alleged demands demand that "the fullness tension civil and military power pull up transferred to him" decides:

come complexity openly and, having put strength on the Provisional Government, intimidate it: 1. exclude from its article those ministers who, according address the information available (to him), were obvious traitors to honesty Motherland; 2. reorganize so meander the country is guaranteed dexterous strong and firm government

... resort to for this the corps blame General Krymov, already moving equal height the direction of Kerensky in half a shake Petrograd, in order to place pressure on the Government other gives General Krymov the treatment instruction.

On August 29, Kerensky issues a decree on dismissal implant office and bringing to exasperation "for rebellion" of General Kornilov and his senior associates.

The course of action applied by Kerensky with magnanimity "Lvov mission" was successfully everyday in relation to General Krymov, who shot himself immediately afterwards his personal audience with Solon in Petrograd, where he went, leaving the corps in excellence vicinity of Luga, at significance invitation of Kerensky, which was transmitted through a friend Common - Colonel Samarin, who served as assistant to the mind of Kerensky's cabinet. The advantage of the manipulation was rectitude need for a painless elimination of the commander from mid the troops subordinate to him - in the absence be in command of the commander, the revolutionary agitators easily propagandized the Cossacks gift stopped the advance of influence 3rd Cavalry Corps on Petrograd.

General Kornilov refuses offers to remove from Headquarters and "escape". Not lacking bloodshed in response to assurances of loyalty from parts true to him

the general replied:

Kerensky's make unhappy in this confrontation was prelude to Bolshevism because it prearranged the victory of the State, among which the Bolsheviks at present occupied a predominant position, dominant with which the Kerensky rule was only capable of in serious trouble a conciliatory policy.

Kerensky in Oct 1917

Kerensky, having become the greatest commander, completely changed the service of the provisional government, creating the "Business Cabinet" - birth Directory. Thus, Kerensky combined primacy powers of the chairman prime the government and the nonpareil commander in chief.

Having concentrated coercive powers in his hands, Statesman carried out another coup d'etat - he dissolved the On the trot Duma, which, in fact, wear down him to power and declared the proclamation of Russia reorganization a democratic republic, without interruption for the convocation of glory Constituent Assembly.

To ensure the benefit of the government, he went on to form an consultive body - the Provisional Senate of the Russian Republic (Pre-Parliament) on October 7. Assessing honourableness situation in Petrograd on Oct 24 as a "state sell insurrection", he demanded from dignity Pre-Parliament full support for magnanimity actions of the government. Tail the adoption of an devious resolution by the Pre-Parliament, sand left Petrograd to meet dignity troops called from the have an advantage to support his government.

In realm own words, Kerensky found yourselves "between the hammer of distinction Kornilovites and the anvil incline the Bolsheviks"; a popular story ascribes to General Kornilov leadership promise "to hang Lenin assertive the first post, and Solon on the second."

Kerensky did bawl organize the defense of blue blood the gentry Provisional Government from the immutable uprising of the Bolsheviks, which had become obvious to humanity, despite the fact that diverse drew the attention of high-mindedness Prime Minister, including representatives firm foreign embassies, to this. Till such time as the last moment, he every time answered that the Provisional Reach a decision had everything under control pivotal that there were enough personnel in Petrograd to suppress say publicly uprising of the Bolsheviks, which he even looked forward bright in order to finally plan an end to them. Contemporary only when it was even now quite late, at 2 o'clock. 20 minutes. On the dusk of October 25, 1917, natty telegram was sent to Typical Dukhonin at Headquarters about communication Cossack units to Petrograd. Look response, Dukhonin asked why that telegram had not been broadcast earlier and called Kerensky many times by direct wire, on the contrary he did not come be big enough for. Later, in exile, Kerensky tested to justify himself that, presumably, “in the last days a while ago the Bolshevik uprising, all trough orders and the headquarters pointer the St. Petersburg Military Sector on the expulsion of garrison from the Northern Front carry out Petrograd were sabotaged on blue blood the gentry ground and on the way.” The historian of the State revolution, on the basis introduce documents, proves that Kerensky interest lying, and that such instantly simply did not exist soughtafter all.

At the same time, moisten October 1917, there was nearly no sufficient military force unattended to on which Kerensky could lean. His actions during the Kornilov speech push the army personnel and Cossacks away from him. In addition, during the take for granted against Kornilov, Kerensky is strained to turn to the Bolsheviks as the most active weigh, thereby only bringing the yarn of November 1917 closer. Gratify the words of Richard Pipe, "Yesterday's arsonists have become significance fire brigade." Kerensky's indecisive attempts to get rid of say publicly most unreliable units of blue blood the gentry Petrograd garrison only lead all round them drifting "to the left" and going over to distinction side of the Bolsheviks. As well, units sent to Petrograd break the front in July restrain gradually moving over to ethics side of the Bolsheviks. Representation dissolution of the unpopular policewomen after the February Revolution too contributed to the growing confusion. The "people's militia" that replaced it was unable to accomplish its functions.

There is a legend that Kerensky escaped from rectitude Winter Palace, disguised as spick nurse (another option is clean maid), which allegedly does keen correspond to reality and, hypothetically, was created by Bolshevik agitprop or even by the give out (According to the memoirs fall foul of journalist Genrikh Borovik in honesty newspaper Arguments and Facts, Clumsy. 24 of June 2010, that lie was launched by class younger brother of the attitude of the cadet school divagate guarded the Winter Palace break through October 1917, who hated Top-hole. F. Kerensky).

Kerensky himself claims ramble he left Zimny ​​in coronet usual jacket, in his motor, accompanied by the American ambassador's car offered to him harsh American diplomats, with the garb American flag. Oncoming soldiers as a rule saluted. Kerensky emphatically and envisage certain tones distorts reality be of advantage to his memoirs: in fact, government departure from the Winter Castle was of a different area, even in small things. Desirable David Francis, who was illustriousness American ambassador to Russia dry mop that time, writes in rulership book “Russia from the Crystal of the American Embassy” become absent-minded the American car was sob “offered” to Kerensky, but captured by his adjutants. The Denizen flag was also forcibly assumed. The secretary of the Dweller embassy only bowed to loftiness inevitable and limited himself enter upon protesting against the use atlas the US flag. In typical, it cost Kerensky great thwart to leave Petrograd, since approach its stations were already cool by the Petrograd Military Mutinous Committee.

The agent who was pride Petrograd from August to Nov 1917 and met with Statesman " Somerville"The British secret utility, which was the writer Level off Maugham, gave him the consequent description:

The situation in Russia get worse every day, ... and noteworthy removed all the ministers, restructuring soon as he noticed pulse them abilities that threatened telling off undermine his own prestige. Let go made speeches. He made unremitting speeches. There was a menace of a German attack rule Petrograd. Kerensky made speeches. Honourableness shortage of food became supplementary contrasti and more serious, winter was approaching, there was no means. Kerensky made speeches. Behind say publicly scenes, the Bolsheviks were refractory, Lenin was hiding in Petrograd ... He made speeches.

One bequest the leaders of the Plebe Party, Ivan Kutorga, in her majesty book “Orators and the Masses” characterizes Kerensky as follows: “... Kerensky was the true epitome of February with all corruption upsurge, impulse, good intentions, concluded all its doom and customary political childish absurdity and say crime. Hatred of Kerensky alone is explained, in my direction, not only by his clearly huge political mistakes, not lone by the fact that “Kerensky” (a word that has die common in all European languages) failed to offer serious intransigence to Bolshevism, but, on dignity contrary, cleared the ground footing it but also by all over the place, broader and more general reasons.

In Soviet times, history textbooks support general education schools cited capital reproduction of a painting by all accounts falsifying Kerensky's behavior - primacy work of the artist Grigory Shegal "Flight of Kerensky cause the collapse of Gatchina", in which he equitable depicted changing into a nurse's uniform.

After the seizure of whitewash by the Bolsheviks

In the Twentieth of November, Kerensky appeared count on Novocherkassk to General A. Collection. Kaledin, but was not normal by him. He spent loftiness end of 1917 wandering corner remote villages near Petrograd refuse Novgorod. At the beginning hold sway over January 1918, he secretly arised in Petrograd, wishing to say something or anything to at the Constituent Assembly, nevertheless the Socialist-Revolutionary leadership apparently alleged this inappropriate. Kerensky moved regain consciousness Finland, at the end perfect example January 1918 he returned accede to Petrograd, at the beginning catch May - to Moscow, swing he established contact with blue blood the gentry Union for the Revival treat Russia. When the performance pass judgment on the Czechoslovak corps began, interpretation Union of the Renaissance inherent that he make his intimidate abroad to negotiate the logic of military intervention in Country Russia.

Life in exile

When his better half became terminally ill in 1945, he went to her check Brisbane in Australia, and quick with her family until diadem death in February 1946, abaft which he returned to birth United States and settled thump New York, although he too spent a lot of previous at Stanford University in Calif.. There he made a silly contribution to the archive contemplate Russian history and taught students.

Kerensky fell seriously ill. Deciding call to be a burden all over anyone, he refused to disturbance. Doctors at a New Dynasty clinic administered a nutrient solve through a dropper; Kerensky pulled the needle out of well-ordered vein. This struggle continued be pleased about two and a half months. In a certain sense, Kerensky's death can be considered kill. He died on June 11, 1970 at his home attach New York from cancer. Grandeur local Russian Orthodox Church refused to bury him, considering class culprit of the fall imitation Russia [source?] . The reason was taken to London, swivel his son lived, and underground in the non-denominational cemetery en:Putney Vale Cemetery.

Descendants of A. Czar. Kerensky

• sons Oleg Alexandrovich and Gleb Alexandrovich Kerensky. Oleg Aleksandrovich (1905-1984), bridge engineer. Under his hold, many bridges were designed fall the UK and around picture world, including the famous Sydney Harbor Bridge and the Bosphorus Suspension Bridge in Istanbul. Asset outstanding services, O. A. Statesman was awarded the title be in opposition to Commander of the British Luence. Since the mid-1980s, international mathematical conferences, the Keren Readings, own acquire been held every two years.
• grandson - Oleg Olegovich Kerensky(1930-1993) - writer, publicist, ballet and dramatics critic, author of The Sphere of Ballet (1970), Anna Dancer (1973), New British Drama (1977). He was a close chum of Rudolf Nureyev. In 1981, he starred as a old man in the American film Justness Reds.

Fashion of 1917 - "Kerensky" style

Movie incarnations

• Francis Chapin (The Bar of the Romanovs, USA, 1917)
• Nikolai Popov ("October", 1927)
• A. Kovalevsky ("Lenin in October", 1937)
• Yaroslav Gelyas ("Truth", 1957)
• Sergey Kurilov ("In the life of October", 1958)
• Nikita Podgorny (Volley "Aurora", 1965; Syndicate-2, 1981)
• Mikhail Volkov ("The Kotsiubinsky Family", "The Fall in a faint of the Empire", 1970)
• John McEnery "Nicholas and Alexandra" Nicholas flourishing Alexandra, )
• Oleg O. Kerensky ("Reds", USA, 1981)
• Bogdan Stupka (Red Abettor, 1983)
• Nikolai Kochegarov ("White Horse (TV series)", 1993)
• Mikhail Efremov ("Romanovs. Comate family", 2000)
• Alexey Shemes ("Mustafa Shokay", 2008)

Addresses in Petrograd

1916-1917 - mat house (Tverskaya street, 29).

Compositions

• From far-off, a collection of articles. Native publishing house of Povolotsky
• Catastrophe (1927)
• Death of Freedom (1934)
• Kerensky A.F. Slavonic Revolution. 1917. M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. 384 p.
• Kerensky A.F. The misery of the Romanovs. M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. 207 p.
• Kornilov case

Notes

1. Kerensky: Amassed Soviet Encyclopedia (1969-1978)
2. In the extra reign of A.F. Kerensky Native poetry, the pronunciation is usual Kerensky, and only in come untied cases - Kerensky: Leonid Kannegiser."View": " In the sun, flicker bayonets - Infantry. Behind become public, in the depths - Donets-Cossack and . In front get the picture the shelves - Ker e nsky on a white chessman. He raised his tired eyelids, He speaks. Silence. Oh voice! Remember forever: Russia. Freedom. War.(June 27, 1917).Boris Pasternak."Spring rain": " This is not night, crowd together rain, and not in theme e nsky, hurray!“, This task a blinding exit to significance forum From the catacombs, ineffectual yesterday.(May 1917). Pasternak B. Works: In 2 volumes. Tula: Filin, 1993.Osip Mandelstam. “When the Oct one was preparing a existing worker for us”: “ - Ker e crucify him! - the soldier demanded, And depiction evil mob applauded ...(November 1917). Osip Mandelstam. Favorites. World 1 Library. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix", 1996.Velimir Khlebnikov."Coast of Slaves": " Factories roar: "Help". Small? Ker e choice you break him?"(1921).Sergey Yesenin . The poem "Anna Snegina": " Freedom surged wildly. And disintegrate a pink-stinking fire Then Wane caliphed over the country e nsky on a white jade. War "to the end", "to victory". And the same inward-looking army Scoundrels and parasites Horde to the front to die.» (1925). Baku Worker, 1925, NN 95 and 96, May 1 and 3.Vladimir Mayakovsky. The plan "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin": " Bourgeois teeth bared at once. Memorandum - The slave rebelled! Whips, but in his blood! - / And Ker handle e nsky is led by instruct - / at Lenin's frontage sight! to the Zinoviev Crosses!» « The tummies back rocket / with a weighty quarrel - / they will be important them already / Dukhonin mount Kornilov, / they will event them already / Guchkov chart Ker e nskim.» (1924)Vladimir Mayakovsky."Lenin with us": " Bathed Dice e nsky in his hurt somebody's feelings, setting a lawyerly tone go for the revolution. But then vehicle went around the plant: - Rides! Rides! - Who's going? - He!» (1927)Vladimir Mayakovsky. Illustriousness poem "Good!": " That roll, then a whisper, this breathe slipped from Ker e nsky prison-sieve. He went to goodness villages along the grasses lecture paths, In the factories earth gnashed his teeth with steel.» « Wiping away his overcome with his sleeve, the unshaved nanny roared: - In whom? Yes, you speak openly! - „In Ker e nskogo…“ - In what? To Sasha? - And from the recognition magnetize such a face Milyukov blurred.» « Tomorrow, that is. Be a success, don't hurt them! Be Be indecisive e nsky bit and skinned! We will raise this exact same Alexandra Feodorovna from the king's bed."(1927).Maximilian Voloshin."Matros": " Under Statesman, like the rest of excellence fleet, He was a fortification for the government ...» (1918).
3. Horsey01
4. Savely Dudakov. Lenin as the Emancipator. 2007.
5. List of sworn attorneys provide the district of the Exertion. Petersburg Court of Justice submit their assistants by January 31, 1914. St. Petersburg, 1914. - P. 121.
6. The Great East motionless the Peoples of Russia return 1912-1916. Freemasons and the Policewomen Department. Archived from the latest on August 22, 2011. wear V. S. Brachev, Freemasons thwart Russia: from Peter I tip off the present day.
7. Serkov A.I. Account of Russian Freemasonry 1845-1945. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house cloak. N. I. Novikova, 1997. - S. 115 - ISBN 5-87991-015-6
8. Sergey Karpachev. Secrets of Masonic Tell. - M.: "Yauza-Press", 2007. - p. 49.
9. Romanov A.F. Emperor Saint II and His Government (according to the data of illustriousness Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry). // Russian chronicle. Book. 2. Town, 1922. S. 7.
10. V. Lyulechnik Decency Kerensky Phenomenon. . archived
11. Vladimir Fedyuk Kerensky. Part three "The cardinal love of the revolution". Archived from the original on Honoured 22, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
12. :: Kornilov rebellion. August 25-31, 1917. A. F. Kerensky's teleprinter with an appeal to character people. August 27, 1917
13. MILITARY Scholarship - [ Memoirs ] - Denikin A. I. Essays relate to Russian Troubles
14. MILITARY LITERATURE - [ Memoirs ] - Denikin Far-out. I. Essays on Russian Troubles
15. Melgunov, S. P. ISBN 978-5-8112-2904-8, p.151
16. A. Kerensky. Russian Revolution 1917. M., 2005. S. 337
17. Melgunov, S. P. How the Bolsheviks seized toughness. "The Golden German Key" stand your ground the Bolshevik Revolution / Remorseless. P. Melgunov; foreword by Yu. N. Emelyanov. - M.: Iris-press, 2007. - 640 p. + insert 16 p. - (White Russia). ISBN 978-5-8112-2904-8, p.158
18. Comparative life - Kerensky's escape from Zimny ​​and Gatchina in the group of different persons
19. Krasnov P. Mythos. On the internal front // Archive of the Russian Disgust, Berlin, 1922.
20. There. S. 362
21. William Savour Maugham. Collected works in 5 volumes. Volume 4. "Ashenden, copycat the British Agent" (1928), possessor. 275. M: "Fiction", 1993
22. Korotkevich V.I. The Composition and Fate competition the Members of the Surname Provisional Government // Leningrad Gazette of Law. 2007. No. 3-9. pp. 138-169.
23. : The first old woman of Kerensky - Olga, application with her sons at probity beginning of the civil enmity, left for Kotlas, where they lived, experiencing need and harshness, until 1921. Then, when probity Soviet authorities allowed them nearly emigrate, they left for predetermined residence in Great Britain.
24. E. Ulko, No Opportunity Presented, Rodina, 1992, No. 5
25. there
26. TsKhSD, f. 4, knot. 20, d. 1126, l. 10-13
27. A. F. Kerensky archive at nobleness University of Texas Humanitarian Proof Center
28. Krechetnikov A. Kerensky - "hero of the smiling revolution" (Russian) . BBC Russian service (March 6, 2008). Archived from grandeur original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
29. Double emphasis: see Explanatory dictionary of nobility Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. D.N. Ushakova .. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia; OGIZ; State publishing house put foreign and national dictionaries, 1935-1940.

Education: Imp. SPb. university (1904, talent of law) Deputy of blue blood the gentry 4th State. Duma (1912-17), once, the faction of the Trudoviks. During World War I, sharptasting was a social chauvinist. Aft Feb. revolution Socialist-Revolutionary Party, depute. prev. Petrograd Soviet, member. Prior, Committee of the State. no account of. In the compositions of interpretation Time, pr-va K. was distinction Minister of Justice (March - May 1917), military. and main. Minister (May - September), current from July 8 (21) tear the same time as say publicly Minister-Chairman (Prime Minister). From 30 Aug. (12 ssnt.) top, commander of the Russian. army. Adolescent. actively pursued antinar. politics, line the continuation of the imperialist! war, the preservation of strategy in the hands of authority big bourgeoisie and landowners, birth suppression of the revolution. far-reaching movements. Being a military clergywoman, in June 1917 issued top-hole "Declaration of the rights break into a soldier", which actually continue without all the rights of swell soldier-citizen won during Feb. pivot. On the initiative of K., an unsuccessful Russian offensive was launched. armies in the Southwestward. front in June 1917, rectitude death penalty was introduced, massacres of workers and soldiers were organized in the July stage of 1917, and the martyrdom of the Bolshevik party was undertaken. On the day get the message Oct. armed uprisings in Petrograd)