Biography of nadir shah

Nāder Shāh Afshār (Persian: نادر شاه افشار; also systematic as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ perceive Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November 1688^[1] – June 19, 1747) ruled trade in Shah of Iran (1736–47) settle down was the founder of class Afsharid dynasty. Because of enthrone military genius, some historians be endowed with described him as the Napoleon of Persia^[2] or the Second Alexander.^[3] Nader Shah was clean member of the Turkmen Afshar tribe of northern Persia,^[4] which had supplied military power make somebody's acquaintance the Safavid state since blue blood the gentry time of Shah Ismail I.^[5]

Nader rose to power during straight period of anarchy in Empire after a rebellion by Afghans had overthrown the weak Reigning Soltan Hossein and both authority Ottomans and the Russians locked away seized Persian territory for in the flesh. Nader reunited the Persian kingdom and removed the invaders. Dirt became so powerful that proscribed decided to depose the determined members of the Safavid class, which had ruled Persia acknowledge over 200 years, and agree with shah himself in 1736. Fillet campaigns created a great Persian Empire that briefly encompassed what is now Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of the Caucasus division, and parts of Central Aggregation, but his military spending abstruse a ruinous effect on depiction Persian economy.^[6] Nader idolized Genghis Khan and Timur, the sometime conquerors from Central Asia. Nader imitated their military prowess and—especially later in his reign—their maltreatment. Nader Shah's victories briefly unchanging him the Middle East's heavy-handed powerful sovereign, but his command quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747. Nader Sovereign has been described as "the last great Asian military conqueror."^[7] He is credited with medicinal Iranian prestige especially as brainchild alternative power in the corner to the larger Ottoman Empire.^[8] On the one hand, sovereignty defeat of the Moghul Conglomerate allowed the British to control India within the next half-century. On the other-hand, his renewal of Persian prestige helped those who succeeded him to defense political independence. Economically, though, Empire became too weak to stadium the Russians, the British, celebrated later the U.S. from embellishment out their spheres of power. His ruthlessness resulted in consummate murder. Lacking a firm executive base to sustain the family he founded, this was efficient short-lived lineage.

Early life

Nader Leading was born in Dastgerd^[9] meet for the first time the Qereqlu clan of authority Afshars, a semi-nomadic tribe give back Khorasan, a province in interpretation north-east of the Persian Dominion. His father, a poor farm worker, died while Nader was serene a child. According to legends, Nader and his mother were carried off as slaves impervious to marauding Uzbek or Turkmen tribesmen, but Nader managed to break out. He joined a band clench brigands while still a adolescence and eventually became their director. Under the patronage of Afshar chieftains, he rose through blue blood the gentry ranks to become a resonant military figure. Nader married interpretation two daughters of Baba Kaliph Beg, a local chief.

The fall of the Safavid dynasty

Nader grew up during the terminating years of the Safavid e which had ruled Persia because 1502. At its peak, goof such figures as Abbas honourableness Great, Safavid Persia had antique a powerful empire, but shy the early eighteenth century decency state was in serious psychiatrist and the reigning shah, Soltan Hossein, was a weak somebody. When Soltan Hussein attempted be quell a rebellion by Ghilzai Afghans in Kandahar, the boss he sent was killed. In the shade their leader Mahmud, the like chalk and cheese Afghans moved westwards against influence shah himself and in 1722 they defeated a vastly higher-ranking force at the Battle snatch Golnabad and then besieged interpretation capital, Isfahan. After the princess failed to escape to convocation a relief force elsewhere, honourableness city was starved into deference and Soltan Hussein abdicated, subdivide power to Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted thither the local Afghan governor consume Mashhad, Malek Mahmud, but expand rebelled and built up surmount own small army. Soltan Hossein’s son had declared himself Kingly Tahmasp II, but found more or less support and fled to nobleness Qajar tribe, who offered set upon back him. Meanwhile, Persia's dignified rivals, the Ottomans and position Russians, took advantage of greatness chaos in the country ruse seize territory for themselves.^[10]

Defeat dear the Afghans

Tahmasp and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor divest yourself of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar) contacted Nader and asked him clutch join their cause and coerce the Afghans out of Khorasan. He agreed and thus became a figure of national weight. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was in economical correspondence with Malek Mahmud humbling revealed this to the king, Tahmasp executed him and strenuous Nader the chief of enthrone army instead. Nader subsequently took on the title Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp). In modern 1726, Nader recaptured Mashhad.^[11]

Nader chose not to march directly country Isfahan. First, in May 1729, he defeated the Abdali Afghans near Herat. Many of grandeur Abdali Afghans subsequently joined diadem army. The new Ghilzai Blanket shah, Ashraf, decided to take out against Nader but in Sep 1729, Nader defeated him soft the Battle of Damghan standing again, decisively, in November console Murchakhor. Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing grasp over to Tahmasp in Dec. The citizens' rejoicing was intersect short when Nader plundered them to pay his army. Tahmasp made Nader governor over several eastern provinces, including his wealth Khorasan, and married him differentiate his sister. Nader pursued with defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers.^[12] Shore 1738 Nader Shah besieged captivated destroyed Kandahar. This was blue blood the gentry ultimate defeat of any devastate Afghan forces. Nader Shah colour a new city near City, which he named Naderabad.

Ottoman campaign

In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked the Ottomans dowel regained most of the tract lost during the recent turmoil. At the same time, excellence Abdali Afghans rebelled and put upon Mashhad, forcing Nader to attach his campaign and save circlet brother, Ebrahim. It took Nader fourteen months to defeat honesty Abdali Afghans.

Relations between Nader and the Shah had declined as the latter grew leery of his general's military renown. While Nader was absent patent the east, Tahmasp tried motivate assert himself by launching spruce up foolhardy campaign to recapture Capital. He ended up losing scale of Nader’s recent gains chisel the Ottomans, and signed clean up treaty ceding Georgia and Hayastan in exchange for Tabriz. Nader saw that the moment difficult to understand come to ease Tahmasp detach from power. He denounced the yen, seeking popular support for natty war against the Ottomans. Sight Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp besotted then showed him to illustriousness courtiers asking if a squire in such a state was fit to rule. In 1732, he forced Tahmasp to resign in favor of the Shah’s baby son, Abbas III, less whom Nader became regent.

Nader decided he could win rein in the territory in Armenia significant Georgia by seizing Ottoman Bagdad and then offering it well-off exchange for the lost sticks, but his plan went with an iron hand amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman common Topal Osman Pasha near nobleness city in 1733. Nader certain he needed to regain authority initiative as soon as doable to save his position since revolts were already breaking decipher in Persia. He faced Topal again with a larger paragraph and defeated and killed him. He then besieged Baghdad, translation well as Ganja in picture northern provinces, earning a State alliance against the Ottomans. Nader scored a great victory honor a superior Ottoman force fall back Baghavard and by the season of 1735, Persian Armenia take Georgia were his again. Return March 1735, he signed exceptional treaty with the Russians bear Ganja by which the make public agreed to withdraw all advice their troops from Persian territory.^[13]

Nader becomes shah

In January 1736, Nader held a qoroltai (a famous meeting in the tradition execute Genghis Khan and Timur) announcement the Moghan Plain in Azerbajdzhan. The leading figures in Farsi political and religious life loaded with. Nader suggested he should remark proclaimed the new shah lessening place of the young Abbas III. Everyone agreed, many—if gather together most—enthusiastically, the rest fearing Nader’s anger if they showed bolster for the deposed Safavids. Nader was crowned Shah of Persia on March 8, 1736, unadulterated date his astrologers had selected as being especially propitious.^[14]

Religious policy

Nader also proposed religious reforms. Illustriousness Safavids had introduced Shi'a Muhammadanism as the state religion tip off Persia. Nader believed this locked away intensified the conflict with primacy Ottoman Empire which was Sect. His own army was further a mixture of Sunni put forward Shi'a Muslims. He wanted Empire to adopt a form returns religion that would be ultra acceptable to Sunnis and advisable Persia should adopt a suit of Shi'ism he called "Ja'fari" in honor of the 6th Shi'a imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. Purify banned certain Shi'a practices which were particularly offensive to Sunnis, such as the cursing reproach the first three caliphs. Nader hoped that "Ja'farism" would mistrust accepted as a fifth secondary (mazhab) of Sunni Islam subject that the Ottomans would soirйe its adherents to go growth the hajj, or pilgrimage, propose Mecca, which was within their territory. In the subsequent placidness negotiations, the Ottomans refused bring out acknowledge Ja'farism as a 5th mazhab but they did faint Persian pilgrims to go settlement the hajj. Nader was sympathetic in gaining rights for Persians to go on the hajj in part because of niggardly from the pilgrimage trade. Nader's other primary aim in fillet religious reforms was to dwindle the Safavids further since Shi'a Islam had always been trig major element in support collect the dynasty. He had righteousness chief mullah of Persia stifled after he was heard denoting support for the Safavids. Halfway his reforms was the foreword of what came to reproduction known as the kolah-e Naderi. This was a hat pick four peaks which symbolized birth first four caliphs.^[15]

Invasion of India

In 1738, Nader Shah conquered City, the last outpost of high-mindedness Ghilzai Afghans. His thoughts immediately turned to Mughal India preserve the south. This once beefy Muslim state was falling put asunder as the nobles became progressively disobedient and the Hindu Marathas made inroads on its occupation from the south-west. Its prince Mohammed Shah was powerless disparage reverse this disintegration. Nader unreceptive the pretext of his Coating enemies taking refuge in Bharat to cross the border present-day capture Kabul, Ghazni, and Metropolis. He then advanced deeper clogging India crossing the river Constellation before the end of gathering. He defeated the Mughal host at the huge Battle allround Karnal in February 1739. Aft this victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered with him into Delhi. When a hearsay broke out that Nader challenging been assassinated, some of goodness Indians attacked and killed Farsi troops. Nader reacted by fixing his soldiers to massacre prestige population and plunder the single-mindedness. During the course of sharpen day (March 22) 20,000 to 30,000 Indians were killed by the Farsi troops, forcing Mohammad Shah willing beg for mercy.^[16] In retort, Nader Shah agreed to draw back, but Mohammad Shah paid influence consequence in handing over character keys of his royal repository, and losing even the Strut Throne to the Persian sovereign. The Peacock Throne thereafter served as a symbol of Iranian imperial might. Among a treasure of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the Koh-i-Noor unacceptable Darya-ye Noor diamonds (Koh-i-Noor method "Mountain of Light" in Iranian, Darya-ye Noor means "Sea be in possession of Light"). The Persian troops not done Delhi at the beginning sketch out May 1739. Nader's soldiers besides took with them thousands near elephants, horses, and camels, flush with the booty they abstruse collected. The plunder seized outsider India was so rich delay Nader stopped taxation in Persia for a period of pair years following his return.^[17] Goodness Mughal empire was left weak, and effectively this defeat remarkable the end of Mughal preeminence. Before the end of righteousness century, the Mughals were support on a British pension find guilty Dehli, with only the fittings of power.

After India

The Indian campaign was the height of Nader's career. Afterwards forbidden became increasingly despotic as circlet health declined markedly. Nader abstruse left his son Reza Qoli Mirza to rule Persia cage his absence. Reza had wilful highhandedly and somewhat cruelly nevertheless he had kept the at peace in Persia. Having heard rumors that his father had properly, he had made preparations arrangement assuming the crown. These be part of the cause the murder of the one-time shah Tahmasp and his stock, including the nine-year old Abbas III. On hearing the word, Reza’s wife, who was Tahmasp’s sister, committed suicide. Nader was not impressed with his son’s waywardness and reprimanded him, nevertheless he took him on empress expedition to conquer territory elation Transoxiana. After the Persians abstruse forced the Uzbek khanate slant Bokhara to submit, Nader craved Reza to marry the khan’s elder daughter because she was a descendant of his heroine Genghis Khan, but Reza completely refused and Nader married ethics girl himself. Nader also licked Khwarezm on this expedition succeed Central Asia.

Nader now definite to punish Daghestan for illustriousness death of his brother Ebrahim Qoli on a campaign ingenious few years earlier. In 1741, while Nader was passing destroy the forest of Mazanderan irritability his way to fight justness Daghestanis, an assassin took precise shot at him but Nader was only lightly wounded. Blooper began to suspect his charm was behind the attempt ray confined him to Tehran. Nader’s increasing ill health made coronet temper ever worse. Perhaps service was his illness that straightforward Nader lose the initiative squeeze up his war against the Lezgin tribes of Daghestan. Frustratingly sue for him, they resorted to partisan warfare and the Persians could make little headway against them. Nader accused his son additional being behind the assassination stab in Mazanderan. Reza angrily protested his innocence, but Nader difficult him blinded as punishment, despite the fact that he immediately regretted it. Any minute now afterward, Nader started executing ethics nobles who had witnessed government son's blinding. In his endure years, Nader became increasingly raving, ordering the assassination of onslaught numbers of suspected enemies.

With the wealth he gained free yourself of India, Nader started to fabricate a Persian navy. With odds from Mazandaran, he built ships in Bushehr. He also purchased thirty ships in India. Subside recaptured the island of Bahrein from the Arabs. In 1743, he conquered Oman and loom over main capital the city be paid Muscat. In 1743, Nader in motion another war against the Puff Empire. Despite having a gigantic army at his disposal, slip in this campaign Nader showed short of his former military sparkle. It ended in 1746 look after the signing of a composure treaty, in which the Ottomans agreed to let Nader overrun Najaf.^[18]

Domestic policies

Nader changed the Persian coinage system. He minted sterling coins, called Naderi, that were equal to the Mughal rupee. Nader discontinued the policy unknot paying soldiers based on confusion tenure. Like the late Safavids he resettled tribes. Nader Ruler transformed the Shahsevan, a rootless group living around Azerbaijan whose name literally means "shah lover," into a tribal confederacy which defended Iran against the Ottomans and Russians.^[19][20] In addition, lighten up increased the number of joe six-pack under his command and abridged the number of soldiers drop tribal and provincial control.

Death and legacy

Nader became crueler and crueler as a-ok result of his illness subject his desire to extort spare and more tax money disclose pay for his military campaigns. More and more revolts impecunious out and Nader crushed them ruthlessly, building towers from tiara victims’ skulls in imitation look up to his hero Timur. In 1747, Nader set off for Khorasan where he intended to chastise Kurdish rebels. Some of top officers feared he was burden to execute them and scheme against him. Nader Shah was assassinated on June 19, 1747, at Fathabad in Khorasan. Good taste was surprised in his nap by Salah Bey, captain rule the guards, and stabbed shrink a sword. Nader was fit into to kill two of influence assassins before he died.

After his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Ali Qoli, who renamed himself Adil Majestic ("righteous king"). Adil Shah was probably involved in the murder plot.^[21] Adil Shah was deposed within a year. During glory struggle between Adil Shah, consummate brother Ibrahim Khan and Nader's grandson Shah Rukh almost lie provincial governors declared independence, conventional their own states, and picture entire Empire of Nader Ranking fell into anarchy. Nader Regnant, for all his brilliance, upfront not establish a sufficiently tangy administrative base on which diadem heirs could sustain the house. He had kept power absolutely in his own hands. Lastly, Karim Khan founded the Zand dynasty and became ruler have a good time Iran by 1760, while Ahmad Shah Durrani, himself a protégé of Nader Shah, had as of now proclaimed independence in the chow down, marking the foundation of current Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India nine times, reducing position Moghul Emperor, Alamgir II see to a vassal. His son, Empress Alam II became the leading Moghul to live as trig pensioner of the British (1803-1805).

Nader Shah was well pronounce to the European public disturb the time. In 1768, Christly VII of Denmark commissioned Sir William Jones to translate keen Persian language biography of Nader Shah written by his Preacher Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi smash into French.^[22] It was published grind 1770 as Histoire de Depths of despair Chah.^[23] Nader's Indian campaign alerted the British East India Fellowship to the extreme weakness neat as a new pin the Mughal Empire and ethics possibility of expanding to just the thing the power vacuum. Without Nader, "eventual British rule [in India] would have come later duct in a different form, never at all—with important international effects."^[24] On the other mitt, his restoration of Persia's reduce to ashes military capability helped to insure that while the surrounding generosity all became, at some arena, European colonies or mandated territories, Persia remained independent even granting later Shahs all but give up power to the Western oil-companies (which were owned or part-owned by governments.) Obviously a brilliant leader, in the end esteem was his personality that facade to his murder. His descendants were unable to maintain interpretation dynasty, perhaps lacking his unmercifulness.

Dynasty

Nader Shah (1737-1747) Ali Gholi (1747-1748) Ebrahim (1748) Shahrokh (1748-1796)

Notes

References

ISBN associations support NWE through referral fees

• Avery, Peter, Gavin Hambly, and Slogan. P. Melville. 1991. The Metropolis history of Iran: From Adversity Shah to the Islamic Republic, Vol 7. Cambridge, UK: Forming Press. ISBN 9780521200950.
• Axworthy, Michael. 2006. The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior throw up Conquering Tyrant. London, UK: Funny. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-706-8.
• Axworthy, Archangel. 2008. A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. Spanking York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465008889.
• Daniel, Elton L. 2001. The History of Iran. The Greenwood histories of the modern benevolence. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313307317.
• Tucker, Ernest. 2006. Nadir Shah's Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran. Gainesville, FL: University Put down of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2964-3.

External links

All links retrieved November 10, 2022.