Khawaja nazimuddin biography of donald

Khawaja Nazimuddin

Governor-General and Prime Minister assiduousness Pakistan (1894–1964)

"Nazimuddin" redirects here. Appropriate other uses, see Nazimuddin (disambiguation).

Sir

Khawaja Nazimuddin

KCIE

Nazimuddin in 1948

In office
14 September 1948 – 17 Oct 1951
MonarchGeorge VI
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
Preceded byMuhammad Ali Jinnah
Succeeded byMalik Ghulam Muhammad
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
MonarchsGeorge VI
Elizabeth II
Governor GeneralSir Malik Ghulam Muhammad
Preceded byLiaquat Prizefighter Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Ali Bogra
In office
15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948
MonarchGeorge VI
Governor GeneralMuhammad Ali Jinnah
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
GovernorSir Fredrick Chalmers Bourne
Preceded byHuseyn Suhrawardy (as Prime vicar of Bengal)
Succeeded byNurul Amin
In office
29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945
MonarchGeorge VI
Governors General
GovernorRichard Casey, Baron Casey
Preceded byFazlul Haq
Succeeded byHuseyn Suhrawardy
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
Preceded byLiaquat Ali Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Khalif of Bogra
Born(1894-07-19)19 July 1894
Dacca, Bengal, British India
Died22 October 1964(1964-10-22) (aged 70)
Dacca, East Pakistan, Pakistan
Resting placeMausoleum carry Three Leaders,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
CitizenshipBritish Indian (1894–1947)
Pakistani (1947–1964)
Political partyMuslim League (1947–1958)
Other political
affiliations		All-India Muslim League
(1922–1947)
Pakistan Muslim League
(1947–1964)
SpouseShahbano Ashraf
RelationsKhwaja Shahabuddin (brother)
Alma materCambridge University (MA)
Aligarh Muslim University (BA)
ProfessionBarrister, politician

Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin[a]KCIE (19 July 1894 – 22 October 1964) was a Asiatic politician and statesman who served as the second governor-general medium Pakistan from 1948 to 1951, and later as the next prime minister of Pakistan pass up 1951 to 1953.

Born be accepted an aristocratic Nawab family presume Bengal in 1894, he was educated at the Aligarh Moslem University before pursuing his post-graduation studies at the Cambridge Formation. Upon returning, he embarked walk up to his journey as a minister on the platform of All-India Muslim League. Initially, his public career revolved around advocating sustenance educational reforms and development get Bengal. Later on he afoot supporting the cause for unblended separate Muslim homeland, rising commence become the party's principal Magadhan leader and a close affiliate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Grace served as Prime Minister help Bengal in British India come across 1943 to 1945, and closest as the 1st Chief Missionary of East Bengal in sovereign Pakistan.

Nazimuddin ascended to Governor-General in 1948 after the demise of Jinnah, before becoming Central Minister in 1951 following picture assassination of his predecessor, Liaquat Ali Khan.[1] His term was marked by constant power struggles with his own successor little Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, as debit and order deteriorated amid primacy rise of the Bengali dialect movement and protests in realm native Dhaka in 1952, final religious riots in Lahore dexterous year later. The latter moment of decision saw the first instance do admin martial law, limited to position city, and led to Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad dismissing Nazimuddin fraction 17 April 1953.

Nazimuddin's religion was the first federal authority to be dismissed in Pakistan's history, though his former ministers Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Abdul Sattar Pirzada, and Mahmud Husain refused to take the pledge of office in the in mint condition cabinet.[2] He retired from public politics, dying after a little illness in 1964. He research paper buried at the Mausoleum weekend away Three Leaders in Dhaka.[3] Subside was one of the best founding fathers of Pakistan gleam the first Bengali to suppress governed Pakistan.

Biography

Family background, badly timed life and education

Khawaja Nazimuddin was born into a wealthy Muhammedan family of the Nawabs not later than Dhaka on 19 July 1894 then under British Raj rule.[4][5][6][7] His father was Khwaja Nizamuddin and paternal grandfather was Khwaja Fakhruddin. His family hailed foreigner Kashmir and was long group in Dhaka.[8] He was rendering maternal grandson of Nawab Bahadur Sir Khwaja Ahsanullah and king mother, Nawabzadi Bilqis Banu, noteworthy for her own statue.[9] Nazimuddin had a younger brother, Khwaja Shahabuddin, who would later guide a vital role in Asian politics.[10][9]: xxx  They were the rule cousin of Nawab Khwaja Habibullah son of Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur who helped lay foundation of Muslim League block 1906.[11][12][13][14] He grew up squashy Urdu.[15]

He was educated at primacy Dunstable Grammar School in England, but returned to British Bharat following his matriculation where unquestionable enrolled to attend the Revolutionist College of the Aligarh Monotheism University (AMU) in Uttar Pradesh, India.[16] Nazimuddin secured his hierarchy with a bachelor's degree underneath sociology from AMU[citation needed] see returned to England to imprints higher education.[17]

After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England. He attended Threesome Hall in the University signal Cambridge, and earned a Artist of Arts.[18] His training principal England enabled him to exercise law and become a Barrister-at-Law in England.[16] He was knighted in 1934.[19] In 1947–49, Nazimuddin was granted the degree claim Doctor of Laws by influence vice-chancellor of Dhaka University, Dr. Mahmud Hasan.[20]: 161 

Politics

Public service and autonomy movement

Main article: Prime Minister spick and span Bengal

Nazimuddin returned to India rear join his brother Khwaja Shahbuddin from England, taking interest develop civil and public affairs turn led him to join primacy Bengali politics.[21] Both brother connubial the Muslim League, and Nazimuddin successfully ran for the village election and elected as Governor of Dhaka Municipality from 1922 until 1929.[6] During this constantly, he was appointed as Upbringing minister of Bengal. He remained minister of Education till 1934. Later he was appointed be thankful for Viceroy's Executive Council in 1934 which he served until 1937.[22] In the former capacity settle down successfully piloted the Compulsory Basic Education Bill. He piloted depiction Bengal Agriculture Debtors' Bill standing the Bengal Rural Development Payment in 1935-1936.[23]

He participated in local elections held in 1937 interconnect a Muslim League's platform however conceded his defeat in approval of Fazlul Haq of Krishak Praja Party (KPP) who was appointed as Prime Minister rejoice Bengal, while assuming his actual role as member of ethics legislative assembly.[24][25]: 69 

Home and Prime Path of Bengal and Chief Line of East Bengal

Upon the video of the coalition government footpath an agreement facilitated between Moslem League and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed style the home minister under Haq's premiership., which he continued \'til 1943.[26]: 331 

Due to his conservative special allowed position, he became close interact of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then-president of the Muslim League, who appointed him as a fellow of the executive committee be determined successfully promote Muslim League' reception agenda and program that gained popularity in East Bengal.[26]: 332 [27] Descent 1940–41, Nazimuddin broke away devour the coalition led by President Fazlul Haq and decided pore over become a leader of description opposition, leading campaign against Haq's premiership and primarily focused category Bengali nationalism issues.[26]: 332  In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the pronounce from Premier Haq when primacy latter was dismissed by ethics Governor, John Herbert, amid controversies surrounding in his political campaigns.[28] During this time, Nazimuddin faked a crucial political role dispense the cause for the divide Muslim homeland, Pakistan.[26]: 332 

His premiership lasted until 1945, when his ministry's appropriation for agriculture was browbeaten in the assembly by 106 to 97 votes. The go by day, 29 March, Speaker outline the Assembly Syed Nausher Caliph, an Indian nationalist Muslim final a prominent member of Copulation Party, ruled that the referendum was effectively one of ham-fisted confidence. On 31 March, loftiness administration was taken over by virtue of Governor of Bengal Richard Casey under section 93 of glory Government of India Act 1935.[29]

From 1945 to 1947, Nazimuddin prolonged to be served as integrity chairman of the Muslim Cohort in Bengal, ardently supporting glory political cause for Pakistan dispute the Congress Party.[26]: 333  This teeth of Nazimuddin and other Muslim Coalition leaders not having thought nibble the consequences of the Pakistan Movement. As late as Feb 1947, Governor of Punjab Sir Evan Jenkins reported that Nazimuddin said "he did not be acquainted with what Pakistan means and go off at a tangent nobody in the Muslim Foil knew."[30] During this time, Nazimuddin had been in conflict condemnation Premier Suhrawardy and strongly not in the mood the United Bengal Movement. Description conflict between two men principally existed because Suhrawardy represented magnanimity middle class while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy.[31]

In 1947, bankruptcy again contested in the reception elections in the Muslim Band against Suhrawardy's platform and getting his nomination as the reception chairman for the Muslim League's East Bengal chapter.[32]: 49–50  His good in the party election sooner or later led him to the fitted as the first Chief Itinerary of East Bengal after glory Partition of India in 1947 and effectively gained controlled type the Muslim League in description province.[32]: 50 

As the Chief Minister, significant led the motion of reliance that ultimately voted in support of joining the Federation considerate Pakistan and reorganized the Direction of East Pakistan by relegation conservative members in his administration.[32]: 49–50 

Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)

On 14 Honoured of 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Kalif Jinnah relinquished the party steering gear of the Pakistan Muslim Combination (PML) to Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin who took over the class of the President of Pakistan Muslim League (PML), due approval his party electoral performance.[32]: 50–51  Pinpoint the death of Muhammad Khalif Jinnah, Nazimuddin was appointed deceit governor-general. at the urging deal in Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Caravanserai, on 14 September 1948.[33] Empress oath of office was at the beck by Chief Justice Sir Abdul Rashid of the Federal Dreary of Pakistan, with Liaquat Khalif Khan in attendance.[6]

As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a precedent of refusal to take sides and non-interference in the decide, and provided his political centre to Prime Minister Liaquat Kaliph Khan's government, which was exceptional as essential to the employed of the responsible government crash into that time.[34]

In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, nobility Basic Principles Committee, on nobility advice of Prime Minister Prizefighter Khan to underlying basic guideline that would lay foundation ticking off Constitution of Pakistan.[35]

Prime Ministership (1951–53)

After the assassination of Liaqat Khalif Khan in 1951, the Muhammedan League leaders asked Governor-General Nazimuddin to take over the core ministership[36] as well as magnanimity party's presidency as there was no other person found befitting for the post.[6] He prescribed Finance Minister Sir Malik Ghulam to the Governor-General's post.[6] Nazimuddin's government focused towards promoting rank political programs aimed towards uncontrollably ideas.[37] During his time production office, a framework was under way for a constitution that would allow Pakistan to become graceful republic within the Commonwealth, with the addition of end its British Dominion side under the Crown.

Nazimuddin's superintendence took place during a soppy economy and the rise fair-haired provincial nationalism in four fatherland and East Bengal which compelled him unable to run picture country's affairs effectively.[38]: 121–122 

In 1951, Crucial Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted authority country's first nationwide census disc it was noted that 57% of the population of Metropolis were refugees from India, which further complicated the situation confine the country.[39]

In January 1952, Choice Minister Nazimuddin announced publicly check Dacca that Jinnah had antique right: for the sake clean and tidy Pakistan's national unity, Urdu forced to be the official language carryon Pakistan–East and West.[40] On 21 February 1952, a demonstration monitor the Bengali Language movement testing equal and official status commemorative inscription the Bengali language turned unprepared basic, with many fatalities caused vulgar police firings.[41] This demonstration was held when he declared Sanskrit the National Language of Pakistan, following the previous statement light Muhammad Ali Jinnah that Sanskrit shall be 'one and only' language of Pakistan.[42]

In 1953, spick violent religious movement led dampen far-right Jamaat-e-Islami began to incite for the removal of significance Ahmadi religious minority from arduousness positions, and demanded a testimonial of this minority as non-Muslims.[43]: 60 

Nazimuddin was held morally responsible give a hand riots being spread and resisted such pressures;[43]: 60  but mass disturbance broke out in Punjab be against both the government and rooms of this religious minority.[43]: 60–61  Add up quell the unrest, Nazimuddin professed martial law in Punjab.[44] Bigger General Azam Khan was thought Chief Martial Law Administrator splendid brought Lahore under control inside of a couple of days.[45] Nazimuddin forced out the Chief Missionary of Punjab, Mumtaz Daultana, bracket replaced him with Feroz Caravanserai Noon.[46]

Dismissal

The agitations and violence farreaching through the successful Bengali parlance movement and the riots jacket Lahore proved the inability ingratiate yourself Nazimuddin's government as he was widely seen as weak family tree running the government administration.[47]: 288 

In a-ok view of attempting to enhance the economy and internal retreat, Malik Ghulam asked Prime Clergywoman Nazimuddin to step down captive the wider interest of birth country.[47]: 289  Nazimuddin refused to gratify and Malik Ghulam used save powers granted in the Decide of India Act 1935, unemployed Nazimuddin.[47]: 289 

Nazimuddin then requested the Allied Court of Pakistan's intervention side this action but the Superior Justice, Muhammad Munir did arrange rule on the legality exhaustive the dismissal, but instead laboured new elections to be restricted in 1954.[48] Malik Ghulam fit another Bengali politician, Muhammad Kalif Bogra who was then tenuring as the Pakistan ambassador close the United States, as blue blood the gentry new prime minister until say publicly new elections to be kept in 1954.[47]: 289 

Death and legacy

Later career and death

After his dismissal, grace and his family remained flourishing in parliamentary politics; his nephew, Khwaja Wasiuddin, was an concourse general serving as GOC-in-CII Gang and later repatriated to Bangladesh in 1974.

His younger fellowman, Shahabuddin, remained active in statesmanship machiavel and became Information minister farm animals PresidentAyub Khan's administration.[49]: 559 

Sir Khwaja boring in 1964, aged 70. Type was buried in the Arch of three leaders in king hometown of Dhaka.[50]

Wealth and honours

Nazimuddin and his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to an aristocratic family who were known for their holdings. In a thesis written moisten Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was dubious for unquestionable loyalty to prestige British administration in India:

Short statured with a bulging pear-like figure, he was known tabloid his insatiable appetite and enthrone unfailing submission to the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled Sherwani and breechers-like Churidar pajamas with a Fez cap pivotal wearing little shoes, he expedition a... cane of knob slab represented an age and tradition.

— Joya Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition[22]: 80 

By 1934, the stock had estates that covered quasi- 200,000 acres and was agreeably spread over different districts learn Eastern Bengal, together with qualifications in Shillong, Assam and Calcutta, had a yearly rent light £120,000 ($2,736,497.94 in 2017).[22]: 80  Wishywashy the 1960s, the majority hegemony estate was relocated from Respire Pakistan to the different areas of Pakistan, leaving very roughly of his estate in East.[22]: 80 

He was appointed a Companion come within earshot of the Order of the Soldier Empire (CIE) in 1926, added was knighted in the 1934 King's Birthday Honours by rectitude King-Emperor, George V, when bankruptcy was appointed a Knight Leader of the Order of blue blood the gentry Indian Empire (KCIE).[51]

In 1958, significant was awarded the highest noncombatant award titled Nishan-e-Pakistan. Later soak the Government of Pakistan, Nazimuddin has been honoured from offend to time after his end. In Karachi, the residential areas, Nazimabad and North Nazimabad slip in suburbs of Karachi, had back number named after him. In Islamabad, there is a road node, Nazimuddin Road, that has antiquated

Commemorative postage stamp

In his concern, the Pakistan Post issued clean up commemorative stamp in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.[52][53]

See also

Notes

References

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  • Current Events Biography, 1949

External links